Sonars and Underwater Acoustics

<p>Preface ix</p>
<p>PART 1. THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 1</p>
<p>Part 1. Introduction 3</p>
<p>Chapter 1. Problematics 5</p>
<p>1.1. History 5</p>
<p>1.2. Underwater acoustics 7</p>
<p>1.3. Applications 9</p>
<p>1.4. Comparison with radar 10</p>
<p>1.5. Submarine detection and warfare 11</p>
<p>1.6. Submarine detection 11</p>
<p>1.7. Submarine detection: a veritable challenge 12</p>
<p>1.8. Overcoming the effects of the ocean 13</p>
<p>1.9. Sonar and information processing 16</p>
<p>Chapter 2. Sound Propagation in the Marine Environment 19</p>
<p>2.1. General points 19</p>
<p>2.2. Characteristics of the marine environment 19</p>
<p>2.3. Models used 22</p>
<p>2.4. Propagation phenomena 28</p>
<p>2.5. Application examples 33</p>
<p>Chapter 3. Noises and Reverberation 41</p>
<p>3.1. Classification of ambient noises 41</p>
<p>3.2. Analysis of noise sources 45</p>
<p>3.3. Wenz model of sea noise 51</p>
<p>3.4. Directivity of sea noise 52</p>
<p>3.5. Reverberation 55</p>
<p>Chapter 4. Radiated and Inherent Noises 65</p>
<p>4.1. Radiated noise 65</p>
<p>Chapter 5. Transmission of the Acoustic Signal: Sonar Equations 79</p>
<p>5.1. Introduction 79</p>
<p>5.2. Detection contrast and detection index 80</p>
<p>5.3. Transmission equation 81</p>
<p>5.4. Equation of passive sonar 88</p>
<p>5.5. Equation of active sonar 89</p>
<p>PART 2. ACOUSTIC–ELECTRIC INTERFACE ANTENNA STRUCTURES 93</p>
<p>Part 2. Introduction 95</p>
<p>Chapter 6. Electric–acoustic and Acoustic–electric Transformations 97</p>
<p>6.1. Transducers and hydrophones 97</p>
<p>Chapter 7. Performance and Structures of Acoustic Antennas 113</p>
<p>7.1. Antennas and radiation 113</p>
<p>7.2. Structures of sources and antennas 189</p>
<p>Chapter 8. Electronic Transducer–hydrophone Adaptation 211</p>
<p>8.1. Hydrophones 211</p>
<p>8.2. Transducers 243</p>
<p>Chapter 9. Electro–mechano–acoustic Analogies 269</p>
<p>9.1. Methods of studying transducers and hydrophones 269</p>
<p>9.2. Mechanic–electric equivalence 270</p>
<p>9.3. Electric–acoustic equivalence 275</p>
<p>9.4. Finite element method (FEM) 320</p>
<p>PART 3. PROCESSING CHAIN OF ACTIVE SONAR 323</p>
<p>Part 3. Introduction 325</p>
<p>Chapter 10. Selection Criteria in Active Processing 327</p>
<p>10.1. Selection criteria related to propagation 327</p>
<p>10.2. Selection criteria relative to noise 331</p>
<p>10.3. Selection criteria related to reverberation 332</p>
<p>10.4. Selection criteria related to emission power 333</p>
<p>10.5. Selection criteria related to the antenna 335</p>
<p>10.6. Selection criteria for the operating frequency 336</p>
<p>10.7. Selection criteria related to operational considerations 337</p>
<p>10.8. Selection criteria related to the nature of targets 337</p>
<p>Chapter 11. Processing Chain in Active Sonar 341</p>
<p>11.1. General points 341</p>
<p>11.2. Emission 341</p>
<p>11.3. Reception 345</p>
<p>Chapter 12. Basic Theoretical Notions in Active Processing 459</p>
<p>12.1. The Doppler effect 459</p>
<p>12.2. The Doppler effect in active sonar conditions 464</p>
<p>12.3. Treatment of the signal 485</p>
<p>12.4. Choice of an emission signal under active sonar conditions 503</p>
<p>Chapter 13. Measurement in Underwater Acoustics 525</p>
<p>13.1. Introduction 525</p>
<p>13.2. Wave train method 531</p>
<p>13.3. Precautions before measuring 539</p>
<p>13.4. Acoustic measurements and calibrations of transducers 542</p>
<p>13.5. Notion of uncertainty estimation and of maximum tolerated difference 551</p>
<p>13.6. Other types of measurements in underwater acoustics 553</p>
<p>APPENDICES 555</p>
<p>Appendix 1. Logarithmic Scales 557</p>
<p>Appendix 2. Equation of Sound in Fluids 563</p>
<p>Appendix 3. Piezoelectricity Fundamentals 571</p>
<p>Appendix 4. Vector Analysis ?&Iuml;?nFundamentals 579</p>
<p>Appendix 5. Reciprocity Theorem 593</p>
<p>Appendix 6. Concrete Example of Uncertainty Estimation Based on the Reciprocity Calibration Method 601</p>
<p>Bibliography 619</p>
<p>Index 623</p>