Yearbook on Space Policy 2006/2007

Spacepolicyisanissueareaofparticularstrategicrelevance. Itreceivesaconstantly growingattentionbynationalgovernmentsandtheEuropeanUnion. Ittouches numerousimportantareaslikesecurity,science,technology,knowledge,infor- tion,mobility,environmentorresourcemanagement,tonameonlyafew. Through this,spacepolicydrawsfrombutalsodrivesthemostdecisiveaspectsofmodern society. Anillustrationforthisstatementcanbegivenwithabrieflookonrecent developmentsinspacepolicy. InparticulartheadoptionoftheEuropeanSpace PolicyinMay2007,whichhadbeenjointlypreparedbytheEuropeanSpaceAgency andtheEuropeanCommission,doeshaveatremendousimpactonareasbene?ting fromspaceapplications,likeclimateresearch,disastermanagementorresource management. TheEuropeanSpacePolicywillalsopushareaslikenavigationor telecommunications,whichareattheheartoftheknowledgesocietyandtheme- issueofmobility. Atthesametime,securityinallitsfacetsisgrowinglydependingon theuseofspacecapabilitiesandspacepolicymakinghasstartedtore?ectthis. Onthe globallevel,theinitiativesforroboticandhumanspaceexplorationgainmoreand moreprominenceandwithactorslikeChina,arenaissanceofspaceasastrategictool forinternationalprestigeandin?uencecanbeobserved. Thecharacterofspacepolicyandthedynamisminthis?eldanditsrelatedareas makeitappropriateandevennecessarytosurveythis?eldonacontinuousbasiswith ahighstandard. ThisreasoningwasthebasisfortheinitiativebytheEuropeanSpace PolicyInstitute(ESPI)topreparetheYearbookonSpacePolicy. TheYearbookis intended to become the reference publication for the analysis of space policy developments. ThescopeisglobalbuttheperspectiveisEuropean. Thiscoincides withESPI?smissiontobethefocalpointforEuropeanresearchinthe?eldofspace policyasprovidedforbythedecisionoftheCounciloftheEuropeanSpaceAgency tofoundESPI. Asathinktank,ESPIhastoprovideinformationandanalysisandto contributefacilitating the decision-making process. The Yearbook isaimed to becomea?agshipinESPI?sproductlineapproachingthisgoal. Theaspirationis thattheYearbookonSpacePolicymaygainthestatureofcomparableyearbooksin internationalrelationsbyleadingthinktanksaroundtheworld. TheYearbookonSpacePolicyhasanumberofspeci?cfeatures. Thereporting periodwillusuallybefromJulytoJune,leadingtoitspublicationinthebeginningof thefollowingyear. Forthis?rstedition,thereportingperiodwassettostartearlier (from1January2006)butstopatthetypicaldate(30June2007). Thisservesthe purposetocoverthewholeyear2006. TheYearbookwillhavethreeparts. The?rst partispreparedbyESPIandprovidesasystematicanalysisofthemainspace v Preface activitiesintheglobalpoliticalcontext. Itcontainsapresentationofthemajor developmentsinspacepolicies,programmesandtechnologiesaroundtheworld. In thesecondpart,usuallyaroundtenprominentresearcherscontributearticlesto speci?ctopicsofparticularrelevance. Inthiseditiontheyarerelatedtoinitiativesand decisionsinEuropeanspacepolicies –asindicatedinthisyear?smottoofthe Yearbook–butalsoglobalissuesliketherecentChineseantisatellitetestorthenew Japanesespaceregulation. ThethirdpartoftheYearbook,againpreparedbyESPI, contains a unique compilation of important facts and ?gures. It includes achronology,anoverviewonspaceactivitiesinselectedcountriesandabibliography. TheprojectofacomprehensiveYearbookrequiresthecooperationofthewhole community. ThisiswhyESPI?sworkforthispublicationiscomplementedbythe contributionsofexternalauthorsprovidingtheirexceptionalinsightsandexperiences. ThesecontributorsfromalloverEuropearetheleadingacademicexpertsmainlybased inthinktanksanduniversityinstituteswhilesomearealsoassociatedwithspace agenciesorworkinindustryorresearchanddevelopment. Theyarepartofthe EuropeanSpacePolicyResearchandAcademicNetwork(ESPRAN)coordinatedby ESPI. ItisimportanttomentionthatalsoexpertsfromoutsideEuropecanbepartof thisnetwork. ThisishighlightedbythecontributionofJohnLogsdon(George WashingtonUniversity,WashingtonDC),oneofthedoyensinspacepolicyresearch. InvolvedinthisendeavourisalsoanEditorialAdvisoryBoard,composedofthe membersofESPI?sAdvisoryCouncil. Allthisaimsatsecuringtheacademicqualityof theYearbookanditsaimtobecomearelevantsourceofinformationandanalysis. AnimportantelementofthesuccessofsuchaninitiativelikethisYearbookisthe mediumofitspresentation. ESPIisextremelypleasedthatSpringerWienNewYork wasfromtheoutsetverymuchinterestedinthisproject. Throughtheexcellent collaborationwithSpringer?sSilviaSchilgeriusthechallengesofa?rsteditionfor suchaYearbookseriesweremasteredwithgreatease. CooperationbetweenESPI andSpringerWienNewYorkisintendedtointensifyfurtherwithadedicatedbook seriesonspacepolicy. TheseperspectiveswereadditionalmotivationforESPI?s editorialteamforthis?rsteditionoftheYearbook,whereNicolasPeterauthored Part1,CharlotteMathieueditedPart2andCharlotteMathieuandBlandina BaranespreparedPart3. Valuablecontributionsandsupportwereprovidedinthe earlyplanningphasebySergePlattardandintheeditorialphasebyPierre-Henri Pisani,JulieAbouYehiaandTimSkurbaty. Itiswithgreatcon?dencethatwebring this Yearbook to the attention of decision makers, professionals in industry, researchandsciencedealingwithspaceactivitiesandinternationalrelationsand alsotothebroaderpublic,whichintendstounderstandthepoliciesbehindoneof themostimportantandfascinatingprovincesofmodernsociety:space! Kai-UweSchrogl,CharlotteMathieu,NicolasPeter ESPIeditorialteam vi Tableofcontents Tableofcontents Listofacronyms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv Listof?guresandtables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxii PART1 TheYearinSpace2006/2007 Chapter1. Europeanspaceactivitiesintheglobal context. NicolasPeter 1. Geopoliticaltrends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1. 1. Globaleconomicoutlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1. 2. Politicaldevelopmentsin2006/2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1. 2. 1. Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1. 2. 2. UnitedStates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1. 2. 3. Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1. 2. 4. Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1. 2. 5. China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1. 2. 6. India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1. 3. Internationalsecurity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1. 4. Majorhighlightsinscienti?cactivitiesandresearch . . . . . . . 8 1. 5. Mainscienceandtechnologyindicators relevanttospace activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1. 5. 1. Scienceandtechnologyinputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1. 5. 2. Scienceandtechnologyoutputs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2. Worldwidespacepoliciesandstrategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2. 1. TheUnitedNationssystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2. 1. 1. UnitedNationsGeneralAssemblycommittees. . . . . 18 2. 1. 2. OtherUnitedNationsbodiesandorgans. . . . . . . . .