Walter’s Vegetation of the Earth

and Remarks.- 1 Aims of Ecological Science.- 2 Significance of Present-Day Ecology as a Philosophy.- 3 Human Impact on Ecosystems.- 4 Significance of Systematics and Taxonomy for Biology.- 5 Importance of Scientific Documentation.- 6 Importance of Excursions for Young Scientists.- General Section.- Ecological Fundamentals.- 1 Historical Perspective.- 2 Co-Evolution and Symbiosis.- 3 Biodiversity and Ecology of Populations.- 4 Climate and its Presentation (Homoclimates as well as Climate Diagram Maps).- 5 Environment and Competition.- 6 Ecological Factors.- 7 Radiation, Light and Basic Astronomy Elements.- 8 Temperature.- 9 Water Relations of Plants and Vegetation —Poikilohydric and Homeohydric Plants and Adaptation to Water Deficit.- 10 Halophytes and Saline Soils, Halobiomes.- 11 Mineral Supply and Soils.- 12 Ecotypes and the Law of Biotope Change and Relative Constancy of Habitat.- 13 Azonal and Extrazonal Vegetation.- Ecological Systems and Biology of Ecosystems.- 1 Geobiosphere and Hydrobiosphere.- 2 Hydrobiosphere.- 3 Classification of the Geobiosphere into Zonobiomes.- 4 Zonoecotones.- 5 Orobiomes.- 6 Pedobiomes.- 7 Hierarchy of Ecological Systems.- 8 Biome.- 9 Smaller Units of Ecological Systems: Biogeocenes and Synusiae.- 10 Biology and Characteristics of Ecosystems.- 11 Highly Productive Ecosystems.- 12 Special Features of Material Cycles in Different Ecosystems.- 13 Role of Fire for Ecosystems.- 14 Individual Zonobiomes and Their Distribution.- Special Section.- I Zonobiome of the Evergreen Tropical Rain Forest (Zonobiome of the Equatorial Humid Diurnal Climate).- 1 Typical Climate in Zonobiome I.- 2 Soils and Pedobiomes.- 3 Vegetation.- 4 Different Types of Vegetation in Zonobiome I Around the Equator.- 5 Orobiome I — Tropical Mountains with a Diurnal Climate.- 6 Biogeocenes of Zonobiome I as Ecosystems.- 7 Fauna and Nutritional Chains in Zonobiome I.- 8 Human Beings in Zonobiome I.- 9 Zonoecotone I/II — Semi-Evergreen Forest.- II Zonobiome of Savannas and Deciduous Forests and Grasslands (Zonobiome of the Humido-arid Tropical Summer Rain Region).- 1 General.- 2 Zonal Vegetation.- 3 Savannas (Trees and Grasses).- 4 Parkland.- 5 Examples of Larger Savanna Regions.- 6 Ecosystem Research.- 7 Tropical Hydrobiomes in Zonobiomes I and II.- 8 Mangroves as Halo-Helobiomes in Zonobiomes I and II.- 9 Shore Formations — Psammobiomes.- 10 Orobiome II — Tropical Mountains with an Annual Temperature Periodicity.- 11 Man in the Savanna.- 12 Zonoecotone II/III.- III Zonobiome of Hot Deserts (Zonobiome of Subtropical Arid Climates).- 1 Climatic Subzonobiomes.- 2 Soils and Their Water Content.- 3 Substrate-Dependent Desert Types.- 4 Water Supply of Desert Plants.- 5 Ecological Types of Desert Plants.- 6 Productivity of Desert Vegetation.- 7 Desert Vegetation of the Various Floristic Realms.- 8 Orobiome III — Desert Areas of the Subtropics.- 9 Humans in Deserts.- 10 Zonoecotone III/IV — Semi-Deserts.- IV Zonobiome of Sclerophyllic Woodlands (Zonobiome of the Arido-Humid Winter Rain Region).- 1 General.- 2 Historical Development of Zonobiome IV and Its Relationship with Zonobiome V.- 3 Mediterranean Region.- 4 Significance of Sclerophylly in Competition.- 5 Arid Mediterranean Subzonobiome.- 6 California and Neighbouring Regions.- 7 Central Chilean Winter Rain Region with Zonoecotone.- 8 South African Cape.- 9 South West and South Australia.- 10 Mediterranean Orobiome.- 11 Climate and Vegetation of the Canary Islands.- 12 Man in Mediterranean Regions.- V Zonobiome of Laurel Forests (Zonobiome of the Warm-Temperate Humid Climate).- 1 General.- 2 Tertiary Forests, Lauriphylly and Sclerophylly.- 3 Humid Subzonobiomes on the East Coast of the Continents.- 4 Subzonobiome on the West Side of Continents.- 5 Biome of Eucalyptus-Nothofagus Forests of South-Eastern Australia and Tasmania.- 6 Warm-Temperate Biome of New Zealand.- VI Zonobiome of Deciduous Forests (Zonobiome of the Temperate Nemoral Climate).- 1 Leaf Shedding as Adaptation to Cold Winters.- 2 Effect of Cold Winter Periods on Species of the Nemoral Zone.- 3 Distribution of Zonobiome VI.- 4 Atlantic Heath Regions.- 5 Deciduous Forests as Ecosystems (Biogeocenes).- 6 Orobiome VI — Northern Alps and Alpine Forests and Tree Line.- 7 Zonoecotone IV/VII — Forest-Steppe.- VII Zonobiome of Steppes and Cold Deserts (Zonobiome of the Arid-Temperature Climate).- 1 Climate.- 2 Soils of the East European Steppe Zone.- 3 Meadow Steppes on Thick Chernozem and Feather Grass Steppes.- 4 North American Prairie.- 5 Ecophysiology of Steppe and Prairie Species.- 6 Asiatic Steppes.- 7 Animal Life of the Steppe.- 8 Grass Steppes of the Southern Hemisphere.- 9 Subzonobiome of Semi-Deserts.- 10 Subzonobiome of Middle Asiatic Deserts.- 11 Karakum Desert.- 12 Orobiome VII (rIII) in Middle Asia.- 13 Subzonobiome of the Central Asiatic Deserts.- 14 Subzonobiome of Cold High Plateau Deserts of Tibet and Pamir (sZB VII, tlX).- 15 Man in the Steppe.- 16 Zonoecotone VI/VIII — Boreonemoral Zone.- VIII Zonobiome of the Taiga (Zonobiome of the Cold-Temperature Boreal Climate).- 1 Climate and Coniferous Species of the Boreal Zone.- 2 Oceanic Birch Forests in Zonobiome VIII.- 3 European Boreal Forest Zone.- 4 Ecology of Coniferous Forests.- 5 Siberian Taiga.- 6 Extreme Continental Larch Forests of Eastern Siberia with Thermokarst Formations.- 7 Orobiome VIII — Mountain Tundra.- 8 Mires of the Boreal Zone (Peinohelobiomes).- 9 Ecology of Raised Bogs.- 10 The Western Siberian Lowlands — The Largest Bog Region of the Earth.- 11 Man in the Taiga.- 12 Zonoecotone VIII/IX (Forest Tundra) and the Polar Forest and Tree Line.- IX Zonobiome of the Tundra (Zonobiome of the Arctic Climate).- 1 Climate and Vegetation of the Tundra.- 2 Ecophysiological Investigations.- 3 Animal Life in the Arctic Tundra.- 4 Man in the Tundra.- 5 The Cold Arctic Desert and Solifluction.- 6 Antarctic and Subantarctic Islands.- Summary and Conclusions.- 1 Phytomass and Primary Production of the Various Vegetational Zones and of the Entire Biosphere.- 2 Conclusion from an Ecological Point of View.- 3 Population Explosion in Developing Countries.- 4 Excessive Technological Developments in Industrial Countries.- 5 Sustainable Land Use.- 6 Large Programs and Global Programs.- 7 Testimonies.- References.- Explanations of Foreign Technical Words Used.