Principles of Igneous Petrology

I Monary Systems.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Monary Phase Relations.- 3 Phase Changes Within the Upper Mantle.- II Binary Systems.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Phase Rule.- 3 The Lever Rule.- 4 Binary Isomorphous Systems.- 5 Equilibrium Crystallization.- 6 Fractional Crystallization.- 7 Influence of Additional Components and Pressure.- 8 Partial Melting.- 9 Binary Isomorphous System with Minimum.- 10 Eutectic Systems.- 11 Partial Melting.- 12 Eutectic System with Solid Solution.- 13 Partial Melting.- 14 Peritectic Systems.- 15 Equilibrium Crystallization.- 16 Fractional Crystallization.- 17 Partial Melting.- 18 Peritectic System with Solid Solution.- 19 Equilibrium Crystallization.- 20 Fractional Crystallization.- 21 Partial Melting.- 22 Congruent System.- 23 Binary Exsolution.- 24 Liquid Immiscibility.- 25 Principles of Construction.- III Ternary Systems.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Gibbs’ Triangle.- 3 Coordinate Transformations.- 4 Space Diagram and Projection.- 5 Ternary Eutectic System.- 6 Crystallization.- 7 Partial Melting.- 8 Ternary Lever Rules.- 9 Swanson’s II Rule.- 10 The Tangent Rule.- 11 Quantitative Analysis — Trend Estimate.- 12 Binary and Ternary Congruent Compounds.- 13 Crystallization Vectors.- 14 Ternary Peritectic System.- 15 Equilibrium Crystallization.- 16 Fractional Crystallization.- 17 Partial Melting of Composition Z.- 18 Solid Solution.- 19 One Solid Phase.- 20 Albite-Anorthite-Silica System.- 21 Equilibrium Crystallization.- 22 Fractional Crystallization.- 23 Solid Solution — Two Solids.- 24 Equilibrium Crystallization.- 25 Fractional Crystallization.- 26 Solid Solution — Peritectic System.- 27 Types of Univariant Curves in Ternary Systems.- 28 Eutectic Crystallization.- 29 Eutectic—Peritectic Transition.- 30 Peritectic Crystallization.- 31 Peritectic—Eutectic Transition.- IV Pseudobinary Systems.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Rhines Phase Rule.- 3 Ternary Eutectic System.- 4 Ternary System with a Congruent Compound.- 5 Ternary System with an Incongruent Compound.- 6 Ternary System with Two Incongruent Compounds.- 7 Pseudobinary Joins Within the Ternary Systems Wollastonite—Enstatite—Alumina.- V P-T Diagrams.- 1 Pressure-Temperature Diagrams.- 2 Eutectic System.- 3 Congruent-Incongruent Transition.- 4 Congruent Compound.- 5 Ternary Eutectic System.- 6 Lherzolite.- 7 Tholeiite.- VI Schreinemakers’ Phase Theory.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Variance.- 3 The P-T-x Diagram for a Binary Eutectic System.- 4 The Bounding Theorem.- 5 Morey-Schreinemakers’ Theorem.- 6 The Overlap Theorem.- 7 Principle of Opposition.- 8 Arrangement of Univariant Curves.- 9 Monary Systems.- 10 Binary Systems.- 11 Degenerate Systems.- 12 Ternary Systems.- 13 Examples of Ternary Chemographs.- 14 Quaternary Systems.- VII Gas-Bearing Systems.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Binary and Multicomponent Phase Relations.- 3 P-T Diagrams of Rock—H2O Systems.- 4 Phase Relations in the Presence of Carbon Dioxide.- 5 CaO—MgO—CO2.- 6 Carbonation Reactions.- 7 Liquid Immiscibility.- 8 Gas Contents of Magmas.- 9 Nominal Anhydrous Minerals.- VIII Oxygen Fugacity.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Equations of State for Gases.- 3 Ideal Gases.- 4 Mixtures of Ideal Gases.- 5 Van der Waals’ Equation of State.- 6 Reduced Equation of State.- 7 Fugacity.- 8 Fugacity of Van der Waals’ Gas.- 9 Coefficient of Fugacity from Reduced Parameters.- 10 Solid Buffers.- IX Partial Melting.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Parameters Controlling Primary Magmas.- 3 Estimation of Primary Magma Compositions.- 4 Partial Melting in a Ternary Eutectic System.- 5 Partial Melting of Lherzolite.- 6 Melting Curves of Lherzolite.- 7 Partial Melting of a Granitic Composition.- 8 Influence of Pressure on the Liquid Composition.- 9 Partial Melting by Adiabatic Ascent.- 10 Adiabatic Ascent of a One—Component System.- 11 Adiabatic Ascent of a Ternary System.- 12 Partial Melting of Lherzolite.- 13 Geochemical Relationships of Partial Melting.- 14 Types of Partial Melting.- 15 Batch Melting, One Solid Phase.- 16 Fractional Melting, One Solid Phase.- 17 Critical Melting.- 18 The Distribution Coefficient for a Multiphased Assemblage.- 19 Treuil’s Method.- 20 R/I Discrimination Method.- X Fractional Crystallization.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Phase Relations of Fractional Crystallization.- 3 Thermal Barriers.- 4 The System Albite—Orthoclase—Quartz.- 5 Rayleigh Fractionation.- 6 Types of Fractional Crystallization.- 7 Perfect Fractional Crystallization.- 8 Partial Fractional Crystallization.- 9 The Calculation Procedure for a General Fractionation Formula of Binary Systems.- 10 Olivine Fractionation in Basalts.- 11 Trace Element Fractionation.- 12 Analysis of Trends.- 13 Trend and Control Lines.- 14 The Minimal Enrichment Ratio ?.- 15 Analysis of the Fractionate.- 16 The Linear Equation Method and the Least Square Method.- 17 Statistics of Chemical Data.- XI Magma Kinetics.- 1 Diffusion.- 2 The Diffusion Process.- 3 Temperature Dependence of D.- 4 Pressure Dependence of D.- 5 Diffusion in Gases and Liquids.- 6 Diffusion in Solids.- 7 Diffusion Equations.- 8 Interfacial Energy.- 9 Latent Heat and Interfacial Energy.- 10 Supercooling.- 11 Nucleation.- 12 Thermodynamics of Nucleation.- 13 The Nucleation of Gold.- 14 Kinetics of Nucleation.- 15 Nucleation in Magmas.- 16 Experimental Results.- 17 Crystal Growth.- 18 The Crystal Surface.- 19 Surface Nucleation.- 20 Screw Dislocations.- 21 Continuous Growth.- 22 Crystal Habits.- 23 Diffusion Controlled Growth.- 24 Constitutional Supercooling.- 25 Heat Dissipation Controlled Growth.- XII Magma Dynamics.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Densities of Rocks and Glasses.- 3 Viscosity of Magmas.- 4 Viscosity — Temperature Dependence.- 5 Viscosity — Pressure Dependence.- 6 Non-Newtonian Behavior.- 7 Gravity Settling of Phenocrysts.- 8 Mantle Rheology.- 9 Convection.- 10 Convection Physics.- 11 Plumes and Diapirs.- 12 Initial Instability.- 13 Plume Formation and Ascent Rate.- 14 Dynamic Aspects of Partial Melting.- 15 Permeability.- 16 Flow in Permeable Media.- 17 Melt Accumulation by Matrix Melting.- 18 Dyke Propagation.- 19 Pressure Relationships of Magmas.- 20 Laminar and Turbulent Flow.- 21 Reynolds’ Number.- 22 Turbulent Flow.- 23 Ascent Rate and Eruption Rate.- XIII Isotope Geology.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Basic Equations.- 3 Rubidium—Strontium Dating.- 4 Meteorites.- 5 87Sr/86Sr Ratios of Basalts.- 6 Samarium—Neodynium Dating.- 7 The Nd—Sr Correlation.- 8 Andesites and Granites.- 9 Noble Gas Isotopes.- 10 K—Ar Dating.- 11 Oxygen Isotopes.- 12 Fractionation of Oxygen Isotopes.- References.