Dermatoglyphics in Medical Disorders

1 Embryogenesis and Genetics of Epidermal Ridges.- 2 Methods of Recording Dermatoglyphics.- Standard Methods.- Ink Methods.- Inkless Methods.- Transparent Adhesive Tape Method.- Photographic Method.- Special Methods.- Hygrophotography.- Radiodermatography.- Plastic Mold.- Automatic Pattern Recognition.- 3 Dermatoglyphic Pattern Configurations.- Ridge Detail (Minutiae).- Pattern Configurations.- Fingers (Fingertip pattern configurations, Dermatoglyphic landmarks, Patterns of middle and proximal phalanges).- Palms (Palmar pattern configuratións, Palmar landmarks).- Toes.- Soles (Plantar pattern configurations, Plantar landmarks).- Quantitative Analysis.- Pattern Intensity.- Ridge Counting (Finger and toe ridge counts, Ridge counts of digital areas, Ridge counting in patterns lacking triradii, Estimation of the ridge count on missing or mutilated finger-tips).- Position of Axial Triradius (atd angle, Measurement of distal deviation, Ridge counting, Breadth ratio).- Main-line Index.- Dermatoglyphic Topology.- Topological Classification of Palmar Dermatoglyphics.- Topological Classification of Plantar Dermatoglyphics.- Frequency of Dermatoglyphic Traits in Normal Populations.- Bilateral Symmetry.- Sex Differences in Dermatoglyphics.- Racial Differences in Dermatoglyphics.- 4 Congenital Malformations of Dermatoglyphics.- Ridge Aplasia.- Ridge Hypoplasia.- Ridge Dissociation.- “Ridges-off-the-end”.- 5 Flexion Creases.- Embryology of Flexion Creases.- Classification of Palmar Flexion Creases.- Major Creases.- Minor Creases.- Secondary Creases.- Other Hand Creases (Phalangeal creases, Metacarpophalangeal creases, Wrist creases).- Plantar Flexion Creases.- White Lines.- 6 Medical Disorders with Associated Dermatoglyphic Abnormalities.- Congenital Malformations of Hands and Feet.- Thalidomide Embryopathy.- Absence or Hypoplasia of the Thumbs.- Triphalangy of the Thumbs.- Holt-Oram Syndrome.- Anonychia.- Distal Phalangeal Hypoplasia.- Brachydactyly.- Camptodactyly.- Syndactyly.- Polydactyly.- Other Gross Hand and Foot Malformations.- Autosomal Trisomies.- Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome).- Trisomy 18.- Trisomy 13.- Trisomy 8 Mosaicism.- Aberrations of Sex Chromosomes.- Monosomy of the X Chromosome (Turner Syndrome).- Polysomies of the X and Y Chromosomes (Klinefelter Phenotype).- Polysomies of the Y Chromosome.- Polysomies of the X Chromosome.- Triploidy.- Structural Chromosomal Aberrations.- Deletion of the Short Arm of Chromosome 5 (Cri-du-chat Syndrome).- Deletion of the Short Arm of Chromosome 4 (Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome).- Deletions of Chromosome 18.- Single-Gene Disorders and Disorders with Uncertain Genetic Transmission.- de Lange Syndrome.- Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome.- Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome.- Cleft Lip and Palate.- Cerebral Gigantism.- Nongenetic and Exogenous Factors.- Rubella Embryopathy.- Leukemia.- Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease.- Celiac Disease.