Geochemistry of Colloid Systems

1. What is Colloid Science?.- 2. Classification of Colloid Systems.- 2.1 Based on States of Matter.- 2.2 Based on Chemical Properties of the Components.- 3. Crystal Chemistry of Silicates.- 3.1 Island Structure.- 3.2 Chain and Ribbon Structures.- 3.3 Layer Structure.- 3.4 Three-dimensional Network.- 4. Water.- 4.1 Fine Structure of Water.- 4.2 Fine Structure of Aqueous Inorganic Salt Solutions.- 4.3 Fine Structure of Aqueous Solutions of Small Non-polar Molecules and Radicals.- 4.4 Liquid Boundary Layer.- 4.5 Aqueous Solutions of Hydrophilic Colloids.- References.- 1 Some Geologic Colloid Systems.- 1. Mineralogy of Colloids in the Sedimentary Cycle.- 1.1 Structure of the Common Clay Minerals.- 1.2 Hydrous Oxides of Aluminum and Iron.- 2. Soils and Sediments as Colloid Systems.- 2.1 Solid Fraction in Soils and Sediments.- 2.2 Water in Soils and Sediments.- 2.3 Gases in Soils and Sediments.- 2.4 Organic Matter in Soils and Sediments.- 3. Fluidized Beds.- 4. Magma as a Colloid System.- 4.1 Magmaphilic Polymeric Structures.- 4.2 Magmaphobic Colloids.- 4.3 Emulsions of Immiscible Liquids.- 4.4 Foam of Volatiles.- 5. Colloid Systems in Volcanic Eruptions.- 5.1 Lava.- 5.2 Volcanic Smokes.- 6. The Ocean as a Colloid System.- 6.1 Air-Water Interface.- 6.2 Gas Bubbles in the Ocean.- 6.3 Suspended Inorganic Solids in the Ocean.- 6.4 Organic Compounds in the Ocean.- 7. The Atmosphere as a Colloid System.- 7.1 Tropospheric Aerosols.- 7.2 Stratospheric Aerosols.- References.- 2 Physical Chemistry of Surfaces.- 1. Thermodynamics of Heterogeneous Systems.- 1.1 Thermodynamic Properties and Quantities of the Interface.- 1.2 Pressure Dependence of Chemical Potential and of Water Migration in Compacting Sediments.- 1.3 Surface Tension, the Strength of Intermolecular Forces and Cleavage of Mineral Crystals.- 1.4 Capillary Pressure.- 1.5 Contact Angle of a Liquid at a Boundary of Three Phases and the Wetting Process.- 2. Liquid Surface.- 2.1 Liquid Surface Tension.- 2.2 Evaporation.- 3. Sorption.- 3.1 Sorption of Gases and Vapors by Solids.- 3.2 Sorption by Solids from Solutions.- 3.3 Sorption onto a Liquid-Gas Interface.- 3.4 Gas Exchange Across a Gas-Liquid Interface.- 3.5 Ion Exchange.- 3.6 Sorption and Surface Tension.- 4. Electrochemistry of Heterogeneous Systems.- 4.1 Electric Double Layer at a Solid-Liquid Interface.- 4.2 Electrokinetic Phenomena.- 4.3 Theory of Electrokinetic Phenomena.- 4.4 Electric Properties of Dust Storms.- References.- 3 Formation of Aqueous Solutions and Suspensions of Hydrophobic Colloids.- 1. Condensation Process (Formation of New Phases).- 1.1 Chemistry of Aluminum in Natural Waters.- 1.2 Chemistry of Iron and Manganese in Natural Waters.- 2. Dispersion Process.- 2.1 Physical Weathering.- 2.2 Chemical Weathering.- 2.3 Detachment of Particles Caused by Rainfall.- 2.4 Peptization.- References.- 4 Surface Coatings on Rocks and Grains of Minerals.- 1. Incongruent Dissolution of Silicates.- 2. Sorption from Aqueous Solutions onto Mineral Surfaces.- 2.1 Sorption by Long-range Interactions.- 2.2 Sorption by Short-range Interactions.- 3. Alteration of Minerals by Abrasion.- 3.1 Abrasion of Silica and Silicate Minerals.- 3.2 Abrasion of Calcite.- 3.3 Abrasion pH Values of Minerals.- 4. Surface Structures of Gibbsite and Goethite.- References.- 5 Kinetic Properties of Colloid Solutions.- 1. Kinetic Properties of Particles Dispersed in Still Fluids.- 1.1 Brownian Movement.- 1.2 Diffusion.- 1.3 Sedimentation.- 2. Kinetic Properties of Particles in Flowing Fluids.- 2.1 Laminar and Turbulent Flow.- 2.2 Fluid Drag.- 2.3 Dispersion of Particles in a Turbulent System.- 2.4 Entrainment of Sediment.- References.- 6 Colloid Geochemistry of Silica.- 1. Surface Chemistry of Silica.- 1.1 Functional Groups on Silica.- 1.2 Functional Groups on Silica-Alumina.- 1.3 Opals.- 2. Silica in Aqueous Solutions.- 2.1 Polymerization and Depolymerization of Silicic Acid.- 2.2 Solubility of Silica.- 2.3 Silica Sorption by Minerals.- 2.4 Silica in Natural Waters.- References.- 7 Colloid Geochemistry of Clay Minerals.- 1. Functional Groups on Clay Minerals and Ion Exchange Reactions.- 1.1 “Broken-bond” Surfaces.- 1.2 Interlayer Space of 2:1-Type Clay Minerals.- 1.3 The Flat Oxygen and Hydroxyl Planes.- 2. Interaction Between Clay Minerals and Organic Compounds.- 2.1 Sorption of Organic Ions by Clay Minerals.- 2.2 Sorption of Organic Polar Molecules by Clay Minerals.- 2.3 Organic Reactions Catalyzed by Clay Minerals.- 3. Solubility of Clay Minerals.- 4. Environmental Effects on Clay Mineralogy.- 4.1 Origin of Primary-stage (Neoformation) Clay Minerals and Their Related Environment.- 4.2 Environmental Relationships of N + 1 Stage Clay Minerals.- References.- 8 Interaction Between Solid Particles Dispersed in Colloid Systems.- 1. Interaction Between Solid Particles Dispersed in a Gaseous Phase.- 1.1 Van Der Waals—London Forces Between Disperse Particles.- 1.2 Electrostatic Forces Between Disperse Particles.- 1.3 Effect of Adsorbed Water Monolayer on Desert Varnish.- 2. Aggregation of Particulate Matter in the Hydrosphere.- 2.1 Interactions Between Solid Particles Dispersed in a Liquid Medium.- 2.2 Stability of Aqueous Hydrophobic Colloid Solutions and Suspensions.- 2.3 Coagulation in Natural Waters.- 3. Soil Aggregates.- 3.1 Interaction Between Clay Particles.- 3.2 Interaction Between Sand Grains.- 3.3 Reactions of Humic Substances with Mineral Soil Components.- 3.4 Pore Space in Soils.- 3.5 Stability of Aqueous Soil Dispersions and the Migration of Soil Constituents.- References.- 9 Rheology of Colloid Systems.- 1. Flow Behavior of Suspensions.- 2. Rheology of Dispersions in the Hydrosphere.- 2.1 Rheology of Dilute Dispersions.- 2.2 Rheology of Concentrated Dispersions and Muds.- 3. Rheology of Sediments of Silicate Minerals.- 3.1 Wet Sediments of Sand Grains.- 3.2 Argillaceous Sediments.- 4. Viscosity of Magmas.- References.- 10 Colloid Geochemistry of Argillaceous Sediments.- 1. Microstructure of Argillaceous Sediments.- 1.1 Microstructure of Fresh Sediments.- 1.2 Microstructure of Compacted Sediments.- 2. Aging and Diagenetic Alteration of Smectites in Argillaceous Sediments.- 3. Surface Chemistry of Solutes Flow Through Argillaceous Sediments.- 3.1 Nature of Pores in Shales.- 3.2 Effect of Migrating Water on the Migration of Solutes.- 4. Diagenesis of Organic Matter and Oil Generation in Argillaceous Sediments.- 4.1 Petroleum Origin Related to Kerogen.- 4.2 Generation of Hydrocarbons.- References.- Author Index.- Mineral Index.