Developments and Applications of Geomorphology

1 Remote Sensing Techniques for Geomorphologists.- The Nature of Remote Sensing.- Imaging Sensors.- Sensor Operation and Characteristics.- Large-Scale Photographic Techniques.- Thermal Infrared Imagery.- Small Scale Imagery and Regional Geomorphology.- Multi-Spectral Small Scale Imagery.- References.- 2 Computer Applications in Coastal Geomorphology.- Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.- Textural Analysis of Subsurface Coastal Sediments.- Subsurface Contouring.- Trend Surface Analysis.- Point Pattern Analysis.- Coastal Dune Management: A Quantitative Approach.- Conclusions.- References.- 3 Regional Long-Term and Localized Short-Term Coastal Environmental Geomorphology Inventories.- Long-Term Regional Studies.- Map and Aerial Photography.- Shoreline Changes.- Duneline Changes.- Inlet Changes.- Washover Changes.- Short-Term Regional Studies.- Sediment Changes.- Beach Profile Changes.- Short-Term Local Studies.- Shoreline Changes—Photogrammetric Analysis.- Meteorological-Hindcasting Analysis.- Wave Refraction Analysis.- Shorefront Construction—Environmental Impact.- Conclusions.- Summary Short-Term—Local Studies.- Summary Long-Term—Regional Studies.- References.- 4 Geomorphology and Public Policy.- Public Policy and Laws.- The Decision-Making Process.- Constraints That May Limit Action.- Money.- Space.- Conflict of Interest.- Time.- Avenues of Involvement.- Publications.- Government Work.- Industry.- Environmental Consulting Firms.- Special Interest Groups.- Classification of Public Policy.- Land Use Policy.- Natural Resources.- Urban Areas.- Geomorphology Case Histories.- Streamflow of Delaware and Susquehanna Basin Rivers.- Demoski v. State of New York.- Barnes v. State of New York.- South Shore, Long Island, New York.- St. Lawrence Valley, New York.- Jesse F. Howes v. State of New York.- Conclusions.- References.- 5 Geomorphology of Surface-Mined Lands in the Western United States.- General Environmental Setting.- Surface Mining in the West.- Regulation of Surface Mining.- Geomorphology of Surface-Mined Lands.- Geomorphic Processes and Work.- Surface-Mined Lands.- Active-Mining Geomorphology.- Post-Mining Geomorphology.- Surface-Mining of Uranium.- Reclamation of Uranium Tailings Disposal Sites.- Tailings Disposal Sites.- Reclamation of Shallow-Burial and Above-Grade Disposal Sites.- Geomorphological Considerations in Site Selection and Reclamation.- Conclusions.- References.- 6 Maps in Applied Geomorphology.- Commonly Used Maps in Applied Geomorphology.- Map Legend.- Map Units.- Map Symbols.- Map Scale.- Map Objectivity.- Maps for Applied Geomorphology, Engineering Geology, and Land-Use Planning.- Application of Quaternary Maps for Land-Use Decisions.- Sources of Information.- Interpretive Parameters.- Land-Use Limitation Maps.- Summary of Quaternary Map Applications.- References.- 7 Tectonic Geomorphology, Quaternary Chronology, and Paleoseismicity.- Quaternary Chronology.- Dating Techniques.- Carbon-14.- Uranium Series.- Fission Track.- Chemical Methods.- Weathering and Soil Development.- Quaternary Timescales.- Geomorphic Indicators of Tectonic Activity and Paleoseismicity.- Geomorphic Indices.- Process-Response Models in Tectonic Geomorphology.- Faulted Holocene Deposits.- Alluvial Fans.- Fault Scarp Morphology.- Terraces.- Landform Assemblage and Strike-Slip Faulting.- Neotectonics and the Earthquake Hazard.- Historic Geodetic and Seismic Data.- Low-Shake Versus High-Shake Faults and Earthquake Hazard.- References.- 8 Urban Hydrology and Sedimentation in the Humid Tropics.- Principles of Urban Hydrology and Sedimentation..- Hydrological Changes.- Sedimentological Changes.- Morphological Changes.- Some Characteristics of the Humid Tropics.- Urban Hydrology and Sedimentation in the Humid Tropics.- Flooding in the Cities of Humid Tropics.- Sedimentation Problems.- Channel Modification.- Flood and Sedimentation Problems from Urbanization in Singapore.- The Physical Environment.- The Urban Development.- Some Empirical Data on Sediment Production..- Flooding in Singapore.- Channel Modification.- Conclusions.- References.- 9 Physical Geomorphology of Debris Flows.- Origins and Types of Debris Flows.- Failure Mechanisms.- Characteristics of Flowing Debris.- Physics of Debris Flows.- Impact Force.- Shear Strength.- Viscosity.- The Coloumb-Viscous Model.- Dilatant Model.- Boulder Transport and Suspension of Solids.- Deposition of Debris Flows.- Differentiation of Water Floods and Debris Flows.- Field Evidence.- Sedimentological Evidence.- Vegetation Damage.- Gaging-Station Records.- Estimating the Discharge of Sediment-Bearing Flows..- Empirical Formulas.- Bulking Factors.- Superelevation of Flows Around Channel Bends and Runup.- Photographic Techniques.- Mitigation of Debris-Flow Hazards.- Avoidance of Hazardous Areas.- Control of Grading, Clearing, and Drainage.- Protective Structures.- Warning and Evacuation.- Further Research.- References.- 10 Fluvial Responses to Small Scale Climate Changes.- Flood Probabilities and Climate: An Example.- Fluvial Response to Vegetation Change.- Magnitudes of Climate Change.- Response of Sediment Yields to Holocene-Scale Climate Changes.- Response of Flood Magnitudes to Holocene Scale Climate Change.- Discussion.- References.- 11 Paleohydrologic Equations for Rivers.- Paleohydrological Misuses of Empirical Equations.- Procedure.- Equations and Methods.- Discussion.- Concluding Remarks.- References.