Hormones and Human Breast Cancer

1 Historical Developments.- Animal Studies.- Human Studies.- References.- I — Hormones in Treatment and Prophylaxis.- 2 The Ovaries.- 1. Castration in the Advanced Disease.- a) Response.- b) Prediction.- c) Adjunctive Therapy.- Castration as a Prophylactic Measure.- The Comparative Values of Therapeutic and Prophylactic Castration.- a) For Prophylactic Castration.- b) For Therapeutic Castration.- Surgical Castration Compared with Irradiation Castration.- The Physiological Significance of Castration.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 3 The Adrenals and the Pituitary.- 1. The Remission Rates from Adrenalectomy and Hypophysectomy.- 2. The Timing of Adrenalectomy and Hypophysectom.- 3. The Comparative Results of Hormone Therapy and Ablation.- 4. Techniques.- a) Adrenalectomy.- b) Hyphophysectomy.- 5. Endocrine Changes after Ablation.- a) Postoperative Hormone Levels and Response.- b) The Measurement of Completeness of Operation.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 4 Tests of Prediction.- 1. Clinical Methods.- a) The Histology of the Tumour.- b) Macroscopical Features of the Tumour.- c) Response to Previous Hormone Therapy.- d) The Response to Previous Castration.- e) The Free Period.- f) Menopausal Status.- 2. Hormone Assays.- a) Oestrogen Assays.- b) Androgens and Corticosteroids.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 5 Androgens and Oestrogens.- 1. Response.- a) Success Rate.- b) Survival.- c) Histological Changes.- 2. Factors Associated with Hormone Action.- a) Age.- b) The Site of Metastases.- c) Host Factors.- d) The Primary Complex.- e) The Histology of the Tumour.- 3. Choice of Compound and Dosage.- 4. Comparison of Androgens and Oestrogens.- 5. The Place of Androgens in Prophylaxis.- 6. Mode of Action.- 7. Hypercalcaemia.- a) Hypercalcaemia in Patients without Skeletal Metastases and with Depressed Levels of Serum Phosphorus.- b) Hypercalcaemia in Patients without Skeletal Metastases and with Normal Serum Phosphorus.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 6 Corticosteroids and Progestogens.- 1. Corticosteroids.- 2. Progestogens.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- II — The Hormonal Environment and Hormone Assays.- 7 Antecedent and Racial Factors.- 1. Heredity.- 2. Marriage.- 3. Pregnancy and Parity.- 4. Lactation.- 5. Menstrual History and the Menopause.- 6. Bilateral Disease.- 7. Gynaecological Disease.- 8. Racial Factors.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 8 Oestrogens.- Exogenous Oestrogens.- 1. Males.- 2. Females.- Endogenous Oestrogens.- 1. Males.- 2. Females.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 9 Androgens and Corticosteroids.- The Guernsey Trial.- Plasma Studies.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 10 Pituitary and Thyroid Hormones.- 1. Gonadotrophins.- 2. Growth Hormone and Prolactin.- Thyroid.- 1. Thyroid Disease and the Incidence of Breast Cancer.- 2. Thyroid Factors in the Established Disease.- 3. Thyroid as Treatment.- 4. Thyroid Effects on Endocrine Metabolism.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 11 The Present and the Future.