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From Protoplanetary Disks to Planet Formation

Saas-Fee Advanced Course 45. Swiss Society for Astrophysics and Astronomy

Specificaties
Gebonden, blz. | Engels
Springer Berlin Heidelberg | e druk, 2019
ISBN13: 9783662586860
Rubricering
Juridisch :
Springer Berlin Heidelberg e druk, 2019 9783662586860
Onderdeel van serie Saas-Fee Advanced Course
Verwachte levertijd ongeveer 9 werkdagen

Samenvatting

Is the Sun and its planetary system special? How did the Solar system form? Are there similar systems in the Galaxy? How common are habitable planets? What processes take place in the early life of stars and in their surrounding circumstellar disks that could impact whether life emerges or not?

This book is based on the lectures by Philip Armitage and Wilhelm Kley presented at  45th Saas-Fee Advanced Course „From Protoplanetary Disks to Planet Formation“ of the Swiss Society for Astrophysics and Astronomy. The first part deals with the physical processes occurring in proto-planetary disks starting with the observational context, structure and evolution of the proto-planetary disk, turbulence and accretion, particle evolution and structure formation. The second part covers planet formation and disk-planet interactions. This includes in detail dust and planetesimal formation, growth to protoplanets, terrestrial planet formation, giant planet formation, migration of planets, multi-planet systems and circumbinary planets.

As Saas-Fee advanced course this book offers PhD students an in-depth treatment of the topic enabling them to enter on a research project in the field.

Specificaties

ISBN13:9783662586860
Taal:Engels
Bindwijze:gebonden
Uitgever:Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Inhoudsopgave

​1)&nbsp;Physical Processes in Protoplanetary Disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<div>Philip J. Armitage</div><div>1.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2</div><div>1.2 Observational context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3</div><div> 1.2.1 The classification of Young Stellar Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . 3</div><div> 1.2.2 Accretion rates and lifetimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5</div><div> 1.2.3 Inferences from the dust continuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7</div><div> 1.2.4 Molecular line observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9</div><div> 1.2.5 Large-scale-structure in disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11</div>1.3 Disk structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14<div> 1.3.1 Vertical and radial structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14</div><div> 1.3.2 Thermal physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20</div><div> 1.3.3 Ionization structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25</div><div>1.4 Disk evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34</div><div> 1.4.1 The classical equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34</div><div> 1.4.2 Boundary conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39</div><div> 1.4.3 Viscous heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44</div><div> 1.4.4 Warped disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46</div><div> 1.4.5 Disk winds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48</div><div>1.5 Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56</div><div> 1.5.1 Hydrodynamic turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58</div><div> 1.5.2 Self-gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61</div><div> 1.5.3 Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence and transport . . . . . . . . 66</div><div> 1.5.4 The magnetorotational instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66</div><div> 1.5.5 Transport in the boundary layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82</div><div>1.6 Episodic accretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85</div><div> 1.6.1 Secular disk instabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86</div><div> 1.6.2 Triggered accretion outbursts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93</div><div>1.7 Single and collective particle evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97</div><div> 1.7.1 Radial drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98</div><div> 1.7.2 Vertical settling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104</div><div> 1.7.3 Streaming instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105</div><div>1.8 Structure formation in protoplanetary disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109</div><div> 1.8.1 Ice lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109</div><div> 1.8.2 Particle traps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113</div><div> 1.8.3 Zonal flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116</div><div> 1.8.4 Vortices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118</div><div> 1.8.5 Rossby wave instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121</div><div>1.9 Disk dispersal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124</div><div> 1.9.1 Photoevaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124</div><div> 1.9.2 MHD winds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130</div><div>References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132</div><div><br></div><div>2 Planet formation and disk-planet interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155</div>Wilhelm Kley<div>2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156</div><div> 2.1.1 The Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157</div><div> 2.1.2 Properties of the extrasolar planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158</div><div> 2.1.3 Pathways to planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161</div><div>2.2 From Dust to Planetesimals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163</div><div> 2.2.1 Study the initial growth phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165</div><div> 2.2.2 How to overcome growth barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170</div><div> 2.2.3 Dust concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173</div><div>2.3 Terrestrial planet formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174</div><div> 2.3.1 Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174</div><div> 2.3.2 Growth to protoplanets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181</div><div> 2.3.3 Assembly of the terrestrial planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185</div><div>2.4 The formation of massive planets by core accretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188</div><div> 2.4.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188</div><div> 2.4.2 The growth to a giant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190</div><div> 2.4.3 The final mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196</div><div> 2.4.4 Interior structure of planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201</div><div>2.5 Planets formed by gravitational instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203</div><div> 2.5.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203</div><div> 2.5.2 Linear stability analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205</div><div> 2.5.3 Fragmentation conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209</div><div> 2.5.4 Non-linear simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213</div><div>2.6 Planet-disk interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219</div><div> 2.6.1 Basic concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219</div><div> 2.6.2 Type I migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222</div><div> 2.6.3 Type II migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227</div><div> 2.6.4 Other regimes of migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231</div><div> 2.6.5 Eccentricity and inclination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234</div><div>2.7 Multi-body systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238</div><div> 2.7.1 Resonances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238</div><div> 2.7.2 Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244</div><div> 2.7.3 Multi-planet systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247</div><div> 2.7.4 Circumbinary Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249</div><div>References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254</div>

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        From Protoplanetary Disks to Planet Formation