Collecting cyber evidence during ongoing hybrid warfare

This volume provides a record of the best practies and civic initiatives to collect cyber evidence of core international crimes during ongoing hybrid warfare. A modern hybrid warfare blends conventional military tactics with unconventional methods such as cyberattacks, disinformation, propaganda, and the involvement of organised crime.

At the same time, it poses new threats and challenges for evidence collection. Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT), which empowers grassroots initiatives by enabling citizens to actively document and share real-time information, plays a vital role in dynamic situations such as cybercrime and hybrid warfare. Together, cyber evidence and OSINT are essential for addressing international law violations in the digital age, while also fostering citizen-led contributions to justice.

This edited book aims to analyse novel models for collecting digital evidence of cor international crimes during ongoing hybrid armed conflicts with special focus on the Russia-Ukraine war through the following five topics:
1.  The theorisation of grassroots 'citizen digital initiatives' (Part 1)
2. The usage of digital evidence in relation to crimes specific to ongoing hybrid warfare (Part 2)
3. The roles of OSINT during the Russia-Ukraine war (Part 3)
4. The challenges of legal compliance in data protection of digital evidence (Part 4)
5. The actual usage of collected digital information in court procedure in Ukraine (Part 5)