A Handbook of International Economic Institutions

1. The United Nations (UN).- A. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).- B. Development assistance.- 1. United National Development Programme (UNDP).- 2. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).- 3. United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF).- 2. The specialized agencies.- A. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).- B. The International Labour Organization (ILO).- 3. The Bank for International Settlements (BIS).- 4. Regional integration.- A. Latin America.- 1. Asociación Latinoamericana de Libre Comercio (ALALC).- 2. Mercado Común Centroamericana (MCCA).- 3. The Caribbean Community (CARICOM).- 4. The Latin American Economic System (SELA).- B. Asia.- 1. Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD).- 2. Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN).- 3. The Bangkok Agreement.- C. Africa and the Middle East.- 1. The West African Economic Community (CEAO).- 2. The Mano River Union.- 3. The Economic Community of the West-African States (ECOWAS).- 4. The Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC).- 5. The Economic Community of the Great Lake Countries (CEPGL).- 6. The Arab Common Market (ACM).- 5. Regional development banks.- A. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).- B. The Asian Development Bank (AsDB).- C. The African Development Bank (AfDB).- 1: World Organizations.- 1. The International Monetary Fund.- 1. Origins.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Organization.- A. Members.- B. Capital.- C. Administration.- 1. The Board of Governors.- 2. The Council.- 3. The Executive Board.- 4. The Managing Director.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. Financing of balance-of-payments deficits.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- B. Exchange-rate stability.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- C. Currency convertibility.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- D. Promotion of international cooperation.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- E. Conservation (and increase) of resources.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- Appraisal.- Credit granted too easily.- Undue preference to the less-developed countries.- The monetary reserves.- 2. The World Bank Group.- The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.- 1. Objectives.- 2. Organization.- A. Members and capital.- B. Administration.- 3. Functions and operation.- A. Acquisition of resources.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- B. Application of resources.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- C. Utilization of currencies.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- D. Technical assistance.- 1. Coordination of development assistance.- 2. The International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).- The International Development Association.- 1. Origins.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Organization.- A. Members and capital.- B. Administration.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. Acquisition of resources.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- B. Application of resources.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- C. Utilization of currencies.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- The International Finance Corporation.- 1. Origins.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Organization.- A. Members and capital.- B. Administration.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. Acquisition of resources.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- B. Application of resources.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- C. Utilization of currencies.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- Appraisal.- Changing priorities.- The role of private capital.- 3. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.- 1. Origins.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Organization.- A. Members.- B. Administration.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. Elimination of discrimination.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- B. Stabilization and reduction of import duties.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- C. Elimination of quantitative restrictions.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- D. Combating other forms of protection.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- E. Consultations.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- F. Escape clauses.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- G. Action in favour of the less-developed countries.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- Appraisal.- Advantages.- Drawbacks.- Conditions for further progress.- 4. The Commodity Agreements. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).- The Commodity Agreements.- 1. The Wheat Trade Convention.- 2. The International Sugar Agreement.- 3. The International Coffee Agreement.- 4. The International Cocoa Agreement.- 5. The International Tin Agreement.- A. Origins.- B. Objectives.- C. Organization.- 1. Members.- 2. Administration.- D. Functions and operation.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.- 1. Origins.- 2. Objectives.- The new international economic order.- 3. Organization.- 4. Operation.- A. Transfer of technology.- B. Trade in manufactures.- C. Shipping.- D. Commodities.- Appraisal.- 1. The commodity agreements.- Prices.- The method of stabilization.- Beneficiaries.- 2. UNCTAD.- 2. European Organizations.- 5. Benelux.- 1. Origins.- A. Preparatory phase.- B. Pre-union.- C. Economic union.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Administration.- A. Executive institutions.- B. Consultative and arbitration bodies.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. Liberalization of goods, services and capital.- 1. Goods.- 2. Services.- 3. Capital.- B. Free movement of persons.- C. Coordination of economic policy.- 1. Abuse of economic power.- 2. Agriculture.- 3. Investment.- 4. Transport.- 5. Monetary policy.- 6. Tax policy.- 7. Social security.- 8. External relations.- D. Escape clauses.- Appraisal.- Advantages.- Drawbacks.- Insufficient coordination of economic policy.- More interest in the EEC.- 6. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.- The Organization for European Economic Cooperation.- 1. Origins.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Organization.- A. Members.- B. Administration.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. General economic cooperation.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- B. Liberalization of goods, invisible transactions and capital.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.- 1. Origins.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Organization.- A. Members.- B. Administration.- 1. The Council.- 2. The Executive Committee.- 3. The Secretariat.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. General economic cooperation.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- B. Liberalization of goods, invisible transactions and capital.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- C. Relations with less-developed countries.- Appraisal.- The Organization for European Economic Cooperation.- The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.- 7. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance.- 1. Origins.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Organization.- A. Members.- B. Administration.- 1. The Council Session.- 2. The Executive Committee.- 3. The Committees.- 4. The Standing Commissions.- 5. The Secretariat.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. General economic cooperation and integration.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- B. Coordination of economic plans.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- C. Joint undertakings.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- Appraisal.- 8. The European Communities.- 1. Origins.- A. The European Coal and Steel Community.- B. The European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community.- 2. Objectives.- A. The ECSC.- B. The EEC.- C. Euratom.- 3. Organization.- A. Members.- B. Administration.- 1. The Council.- 2. The European Council.- 3. The Commission.- 4. The European Assembly.- 5. The Court of Justice.- 6. The Economic and Social Committee.- 7. The Consultative Committee (ECSC).- 4. Functions and operation.- A. The creation of a tariff union.- 1. Manufactures other than ECSC products.- 2. ECSC products.- 3. Agricultural products.- B. The creation of an economic and monetary union.- 1. Free movement of persons and services.- 2. Free movement of capital.- 3. Coordination of economic policies.- C. External relations.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- D. Financing of the activities of the European Communities.- 1. The ECSC.- 2. The general budget of the Communities.- 3. The European Investment Bank.- E. Escape clauses.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- Appraisal.- General economic policy.- Competition policy.- Agricultural policy.- Monetary policy.- The tentacles of the octopus.- The purpose of the Community.- 9. The European Free Trade Association.- 1. Origins.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Organization.- A. The Council.- B. The Committees.- C. The Secretariat.- D. Association with Finland.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. Liberalization of trade.- 1. Scope.- 2. Elimination of customs duties.- 3. Elimination of quantitative restrictions.- 4. Goods from non-EFTA countries.- 5. Administrative and technical barriers to trade.- B. Establishment, liberalization of services and capital.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- C. Approximation of market conditions.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- D. Consultations and complaints procedure.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- E. Escape clauses.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- F. The EFTA Industrial Development Fund for Portugal.- Appraisal.- Advantages.- Drawbacks.- Conclusion.- Appendix: Member States of International Organizations.- List of Articles.- Index of Authors.- Index of Subjects.