A history of surgery

1: The Roots of Western Surgery.- 1.1. Antiquity.- 1.1.1. Greece.- 1.1.1.1. Cultural setting.- 1.1.1.2. Hippocrates.- 1.1.1.3. Surgery in the Corpus Hippocraticum.- 1.1.2. Hellenism.- 1.1.2.1. Cultural setting.- 1.1.2.2. Celsus.- 1.1.2.3. Galen.- Galenism.- Humoral pathology.- General surgical pathology.- Bloodletting.- Some aspects of Galen’s surgery.- 1.1.2.4. Paul of Aegina.- 1.1.3. The Byzantine empire.- 1.2. The Muslim world.- 1.2.1. Cultural setting.- 1.2.2. Arabic medical scholarship.- 1.2.2.1. Johannitius.- 1.2.2.2. Rhazes.- 1.2.2.3. Haly Abbas.- 1.2.2.4. Avicenna.- 1.2.2.5. Albucasis.- 1.2.2.6. Avenzoar.- 1.2.3. Aspects of Muslim surgery.- 2: The Western Middle Ages.- 2.1. The early Middle Ages.- 2.1.1. Social setting.- 2.1.2. Monasteries.- 2.1.3. Medical literature.- 2.2. The late Middle Ages.- 2.2.1. Social setting.- 2.2.2. Salerno.- 2.2.3. Northern Italy.- 2.2.3.1. Bruno da Longoburgo; Theodorico Borgognoni.- 2.2.3.2. Guglielmo da Saliceto.- 2.2.3.3. The rise of human anatomy.- 2.2.3.4. Surgery and the Church.- 2.2.3.5. Itinerant empirics.- 2.2.4. France.- 2.2.4.1. Paris.- Position of the barber-surgeons.- Lanfranc (Lanfranchi, Lanfranco).- 2.2.4.2. Montpellier.- The barber-surgeons’ guild.- Henri de Mondeville.- Guy de Chauliac.- 2.2.5. The Netherlands.- 2.2.5.1. Economical and cultural setting.- 2.2.5.2. Evidences of surgical practice.- Barber-surgeons in civic service.- 2.2.5.3. Surgical literature.- Yperman and Scellinck.- Minor surgical texts.- 3: The Renaissance.- 3.1. The rise of the Republic of the United Provinces.- 3.2. Medicine.- 3.3. The surgeons.- 3.3.1. The forming of guilds.- 3.3.2. Examinations.- 3.3.3. Surgical practitioners.- 3.4. Anatomy as a basic surgical science.- 3.4.1. The relevance of anatomical knowledge to the surgeon.- 3.4.2. Royal privilege for the surgeons in Amsterdam.- 3.4.3. The tardy rise of modern anatomy.- 3.5. Surgical literature.- 3.5.1. Translations.- 3.5.2. Original publications printed in Dutch.- 3.6. Towards a more operative form of surgery.- 3.6.1. Franco.- 3.6.2. Santo.- 3.7. Surgical pharmaceutics (Materia chirurgica).- 4: The Golden Age.- 4.1. Political and economical history.- 4.2. Cultural life.- 4.3. Universities.- 4.4. Trends in medicine.- 4.5. Anatomy.- 4.6. Physiology.- 4.7. Experimental surgery.- 4.8. Scientific communication.- 4.9. Superstition.- 4.10. Surgery as a social phenomenon.- 4.10.1. General survey.- 4.10.2. The surgeons’ guilds in the Netherlands.- 4.10.3. Surgeons’ halls.- 4.10.4. Vocational training.- 4.10.5. Anatomical theatres.- 4.10.6. Guild lecturers of anatomy.- 4.10.7. The surgeon’s shop.- 4.11. Hospitals and hospital surgeons.- 4.12. Military surgeons.- 4.13. Traditional cutters.- 4.14 Bonesetters.- 4.15 The relationship between surgeons and physicians.- 4.16 Professional literature.- 4.16.1. Foreign works.- 4.16.2. Dutch literature.- 4.16.2.1. Three popular textbooks and their authors.- Jan van Beverwyck.- Paul Barbette.- Cornells Solingen.- 4.16.2.2. Books recommended to apprentice-surgeons.- Rustingh’s suggestions; surgical catechisms.- Cornells van de Voorde.- 4.16.2.3. Collected case histories.- Nicolaas Tulp.- Frederick Ruysch.- Job van Meekeren.- Hendrik van Roonhuyze.- 4.17 Obstetrics.- 5: The Age of Enlightenment.- 5.1. Cultural setting.- 5.2. Medicine.- 5.3. Surgery.- 5.3.1. France.- 5.3.2. England.- 5.3.3. Germany.- 5.3.4. Italy.- 5.3.5. The Netherlands.- 5.3.5.1. General overview.- The French period.- Training by the guilds.- Private courses in anatomy and surgery.- Social status.- Relationship with physicians.- 5.3.5.2. A further consideration of surgery in a few Dutch cities and in the countryside.- Leyden.- Surgery at the university.- Surgery in the guild.- Amsterdam.- A’dam surgery seen through the eyes of a German student.- Corruption in the Amsterdam guild.- Emancipation of obstetrics.- The Hague.- Utrecht.- Harderwijk.- Middelburg, Goes, Zierikzee.- Groningen.- Rotterdam.- The country.- 5.3.5.3. Surgery in the latter days of the Republic.- The professional level.- Critical observations of two professors.- Measures to arrest the decline of surgery.- New anatomical theatres.- Society for the Advancement of Surgery.- Abolition of the surgeons’ guilds.- 5.3.5.4. The Netherlands as French vassal state and part of the Napoleonic Empire.- Political and social aspects.- Training in surgery after the suppression of the guilds.- The medical State Settlements of 1804.- Incorporated into France.- 6: Practical Surgery in The 17Th and 18Th Centuries.- 6.1. General introduction.- 6.2. Soft part injuries.- 6.2.1. Introduction.- 6.2.2. The natural healing processes.- 6.2.3. Treatment of fresh wounds.- 6.2.3.1. Haemostasis.- 6.2.3.2. Depuration.- 6.2.3.3. Wound closure.- 6.2.3.4. External medicaments.- 6.2.3.5. Should suppuration be promoted?.- 6.2.3.6. Lacerated wounds.- 6.2.3.7. Bandaging.- 6.2.3.8. Supplementary treatment.- 6.2.4. Treatment of war wounds.- 6.2.5. Tetanus.- 6.3. Bone and joint surgery.- 6.3.1. Osteology.- 6.3.2. Fractures.- 6.3.2.1. Some standard textbooks.- 6.3.2.2. Principles of fracture treatment.- 6.3.2.3. Fracture treatment in practice.- 6.3.2.4. Results of fracture treatment; Osteoclasis.- 6.3.2.5. The process of repair.- 6.3.3. Dislocations.- 6.3.4. Orthopaedics.- 6.3.5. Amputations.- 6.3.5.1. Indications.- 6.3.5.2. Technique.- Minor amputations.- Major amputations.- Amputations of the thigh.- Amputations through the joints.- Joint excision.- Amputation as treatment of compound fractures.- 6.4. Head injuries.- 6.4.1. Pathology.- 6.4.2. Signs and symptoms.- 6.4.3. Prognosis.- 6.4.4. Therapy.- 6.4.5. Developments in the late eighteenth century.- 6.5. Vascular surgery.- 6.5.1. Aneurysms.- 6.5.1.1. Varieties and their cause.- 6.5.1.2. Treatment.- An Amsterdam case history.- 6.5.2. Experimental vascular surgery.- 6.6. Tumour surgery.- 6.6.1. Facial tumours.- 6.6.2. Breast cancer.- 6.6.2.1. Pathophysiological concepts.- 6.6.2.2. Metastasis.- 6.6.2.3. Contagiousness.- 6.6.2.4. Conservative treatment.- 6.6.2.5. Operative treatment.- 6.6.2.6. Frequency of operation.- 6.6.2.7. Follow-up of patients.- 6.6.2.8. Quackery.- 6.7. Hernia.- 6.7.1. Incidence.- 6.7.2. Pathology.- 6.7.2.1. Indirect inguinal hernia.- 6.7.2.2. Congenital hernia.- 6.7.2.3. Strangulated hernia.- 6.7.2.4. Direct inguinal hernia.- 6.7.2.5. Other types.- 6.7.3. Clinical features.- 6.7.4. Treatment.- 6.7.4.1. Non-strangulated hernia.- Conservative treatment.- Trusses and their makers.- Operative treatment.- Itinerant operators for hernia.- Johann Francken.- Operative technique.- Surgeon-herniotomists.- 6.7.4.2. Strangulated hernia.- 6.7.5. Legacy Monnikhoff.- 6.8. Bladder stone.- 6.8.1. Indicence.- 6.8.2. Operative treatment.- 6.8.2.1. France.- 6.8.2.2. Lithotomy in the Netherlands in the seventeenth century.- Supervision by the civic authorities.- Two well-known Dutch lithotomists of the Golden Age at work.- Rochus van Dyck.- Jacob Sasbout Souburg.- A visiting incisor: Frère Jacquesde Beaulieu 246.- 6.8.2.3. Improvements of lithotomy in the eighteenth century.- Risks of the traditional operations.- Lateral cystotomy.- Suprapubic cystotomy andprostatotomy.- Jacques Petit, Bonnet, John Douglas, Cheselden, Morand, Le Cat.- Sermes, Francken, Denys.- Operation in two stages.- 6.8.3. Chemical composition of bladder stones.- 6.9. Resuscitation.- 6.10. The surgeon’s tools.- 7: The Beginning of Modern Surgery.- 7.1. The political history of the Netherlands in the nineteenth century.- 7.2. Medical science in the first half of the nineteenth century.- 7.2.1. France.- 7.2.2. Great Britain.- 7.2.3. Germany.- 7.2.4. The Netherlands.- 7.3. Surgery in the first half of the nineteenth century.- 7.3.1. France.- 7.3.2. Great Britain.- 7.3.3. The United States of America.- 7.3.4. Germany, Austria.- 7.3.5. The Netherlands under its first king (1813-40).- 7.3.5.1. Medical legislation.- 7.3.5.2. Surgical apprenticeship.- 7.3.5.3. The continued existence of barber-surgeons.- 7.3.5.4. Clinical Schools.- 7.3.5.5. Military doctors.- 7.3.5.6. Textbooks of surgery.- 7.3.5.7. Medical journals.- 7.4. New developments towards the middle of the nineteenth century.- 7.4.1. The emergence of scientific materialism.- 7.4.2. The introduction of anaesthesia.- 7.4.3. Plaster bandage.- 7.4.4. Surgery in the Netherlands in the middle of the century.- 8: Antisepsis: A Turning Point in Surgery.- 8.1. Hospital surgical departments in the sixties of the last century.- 8.2. Classification of wound diseases.- 8.3. Aetiology of wound diseases.- 8.3.1. Infection as understood in the pre-microbiological era.- 8.3.2. Brugmans on hospital gangrene.- 8.3.3. Gynaecological contributions to the notion of contact infection.- 8.3.3.1. Oliver Wendell Holmes.- 8.3.3.2. Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis.- 8.3.3.3. Puerperal fever in Amsterdam.- 8.4. Antisepsis and asepsis.- 8.4.1. Louis Pasteur.- 8.4.2. Joseph Lister.- 8.5. The introduction of antisepsis in the Netherlands.- 8.6. Bacteriology.- 8.7. New university clinics.- 8.8. Modern nursing.- 9: The German Period in Dutch Surgery.- 9.1. The supremacy of German-Austrian surgery.- 9.2. Following the German lead; foundation of the Association of Surgeons of the Netherlands.- 9.3. The growth of surgery as a modern specialty in the Netherlands.- 9.4. Operative surgery.- 9.4.1. Abdominal surgery.- 9.4.1.1. Gastrointestinal surgery.- 9.4.1.2. Surgery of the gallbladder.- 9.4.1.3. Appendectomy.- 9.4.1.4. Herniae.- 9.4.2. Skull and brain.- 9.4.3. Thoracic surgery.- 9.4.4. Cancer of the breast.- 9.4.5. Surgery of the thyroid.- 9.4.6. Urology.- 9.4.7. Vascular surgery.- 9.4.8. Treatment of fractures.- 9.5. Anaesthesia and shock management.- 9.6. The First World War.- 10: Surgery in The Past 75 Years.- 10.1. Between the two World Wars.- 10.1.1. Social background.- 10.1.2. Medical science in the 1920’s and 1930’s.- 10.1.3. Surgery: general characteristics.- 10.1.3.1. Surgery as a recognized specialty.- 10.1.3.2. Operative surgery.- Abdominal surgery.- Thoracic surgery.- Urology.- The endocrine system.- Vascular surgery; interruption of nervous pathways.- 10.1.3.3. Treatment of fractures.- 10.1.3.4. Anesthesiology.- 10.1.3.5. Postoperative care, shock management and blood transfusion.- 10.2. German occupation of Holland 1940–1945.- 10.2.1. Practical surgery.- 10.2.2. Underground research.- 10.3. Surgery after the Second World War.- 10.3.1. General aspects.- 10.3.2. Surgery in the Netherlands after World War H: the American era.- Thoracic surgery.- Vascular surgery.- Treatment of fractures.- Gastrointestinal surgery.- Oncological surgery.- Experimental surgery.- Organ transplantation.- 10.3.3. The surgeon’s workshop.- 10.3.4. Training.- 10.3.5. Dutch Society for the Advancement of Surgical Sciences.- 10.3.6. Surgical subspecialties.- 10.4. Epilogue.- Notes and References.- Index of names.