The Role of the Oceans as a Waste Disposal Option

The oceans as a waste disposal option - management, decision making and policy.- Acceptable environmental change from waste disposal.- Natural variability and waste disposal options.- Basic factors affecting the land/freshwater versus the sea option for waste disposal.- Sewage treatment and disposal - constraints and opportunities.- Engineering of ocean outfalls.- Sewage sludge disposal options.- The environmental impact of sludge dumping at sea and other disposal options in the U.K. - trace metal inputs.- Freshwaters as waste disposal systems: An interpretation of the experimental lakes area, Canada whole-ecosystem experiments.- A comparison of aquatic and terrestrial nutrient cycling and production processes in natural ecosystems, with reference to ecological concepts of relevance to some waste disposal issues.- An integrated approach to analyse the North Sea ecosystem behaviour in relation to waste disposal.- Experiences of the Federal Republic of Germany with dumping of sewage sludge.- The Izmit Bay case study.- Sites for effluent outfall and sludge dumping in the Saronikos Gulf, Greece.- A comparative study of copper cycles in two freshwater environments.- A case study of waste inputs in the Tagus Estuary.- The Baltic Sea: Conditions and options of management.- Ecological and human health criteria for cross ecosystem comparison of waste disposal impacts.- Organic chemical pollutants in the oceans and groundwater: A review of fundamental chemical properties and biogeochemistry.- Organo-chlorines - A review of uses, control and disposal options.- Metal pollution in the Great Lakes in relation to their carrying capacity.- Marine disposal of radioactive waste: An overview with examples from the coastal water situation.- The practice and assessment of sea dumping of radioactive waste.- Comparison of land and sea disposal options for low and intermediate level radioactive wastes.- Nuclear Waste disposal: Ocean or continental crust?.- Dispersal of particulate waste on an open continental shelf.- Hydrodynamical modelling as a tool in waste disposal selection. A case study on Sado Estuary.- Disposal of sewage in dispersive and non-dispersive areas: Contrasting case histories in British coastal waters.- Mobility of pollutants in dredged materials: Implications for selecting disposal options.- Measuring the effects of pollution at the cellular and organism level.- Biological indices of changes including primary production.- Physiological and cellular responses of animals to environmental stress - case studies.- Biological effects studies at various levels along the U.S. Pacific coast.- Social aspects of waste disposal.- Summary of the workshop.