Soviet Law and Soviet Society

— a legal approach to the study of Communism.- I Soviet Philosophy of Law.- I. So Viet Law and the Legacy of the Past.- 1. Traditional Indifference toward Law..- 2. Insufficiency of Legal Reforms..- 3. Legal Education and Science of Law..- 4. Consequences of the Revolution..- 5. Peculiarities of the Soviet Period..- II. Soviet Ethics.- 1. The Relativity of Moral Principles..- 2. The Source of Moral Consciousness..- 3. Morality and Law..- 4. Collectivism and Pragmatism..- 5. The Moral Duties of Soviet Citizens..- III. Soviet Concept of Law And State.- 1. Coercive Character of Soviet Law..- 2. The State as an Apparatus of Violence..- 3. The New ‘Socialist Law’..- 4. Durability of Proletarian State..- IV. Law does not Wither Away in the Soviet Union.- 1. Vyshinskii’s Campaign for ‘Socialist Law.’.- 2. Socialism Does not Abolish Law..- 3. Inadequacy of the Marxist Theory of Law..- 4. Variable and Constant Elements of Law..- V. Four Stages in the Development of Soviet Law.- 1. Period of War Communism..- 2. The New Economic Policy..- 3. The Period of Socialist Construction..- 4. The Period of Stability..- VI. Sources of Soviet Law.- 1. Statutary Law..- 2. ‘General Line’ of the Communist Party..- 3. Legal Publications..- II Soviet Economic Law.- VII. Legal Foundations of the Centralized Economy.- VIII. The Shpere of Economic Freedom.- 1. General Limitations of Economic Freedom..- 2. Limitations of Economic Organizations (Soviet Legal Entities)..- 3. Objects of Private Rights..- III Civil Law.- IX. Property Rights.- 1. The State Socialist Property..- 2. The Socialist Property of Co-operatives (Kolkhozes)..- 3. Juridical Effects of ‘Socialist Property.’.- 4. Personal Property..- X. Contracts.- 1. Limitations on Freedom of Contract..- 2. Contracts between Private Persons..- 3. Contracts of Government Agencies..- XI. Inheritance Law.- 1. The Theory of Inheritance Law..- 2. Soviet Laws of Inheritance..- 3. General Appraisal..- IV Land Law and Labor Law.- XII. Kolkhozes.- 1. Government and Party Control..- 2. Economic Dependence of Kolkhozes..- 3. Economic Functions of Kolkhozes..- 4. Remuneration of Individual Farmers..- 5. Private Farmers’ Economy..- 6. Anti-individualist Trends..- 7. Failure of Kolkhoz Economy..- 8. The Legal Nature of Kolkhozes..- 9. Fluctuations in Kolkhoz Policy..- XIII. Soviet Labor Law.- 1. Sources of Labor Law..- 2. The ‘Six-Poin? Program and the Trade Unions..- 3. Work as a Duty..- 4. Wages..- 5. Labor Discipline..- 6. Social Insurance..- 7. Collective Bargaining since 1947..- 8. Labor Conflicts..- XIV. Penalties and Rewards as Incentives for Work.- 1. Crimes against Public Interests..- 2. Encouragement of Socialist Zeal..- 3. Psychological and Social Effects of New Incentives..- V State Law.- XV. Foundations of Political Power in the U.S.S.R.- 1. Development of the Soviet State..- 2. The Role of the Communist Party..- 3. The Supreme Soviet..- 4. The Council of Ministers..- 5. The Pyramids of Ispolkoms..- 6. General Characterization of the Soviet Structure..- 7. Decisions of the XIX Congress of the Communist Party..- 8. Reorganization of the Government..- XVI. Soviet Centralism and National Problems.- 1. The Federal Structure of the U.S.S.R..- 2. The National Policy of the Soviets..- 3. Apparent Sovereignty..- 4. Self-government or Decentralization?.- XVII. Elections.- XVIII. The individual and the state.- 1. Legal Guarantees of Individual Rights..- 2. Freedoms in the Soviet Union..- 3. Rights of Citizens..- 4. Citizens1 Duties..- 5. Soviet Citizenship..- XIX. Democracy of ‘The Highest Type’.- 1. General Principles and Trends of Democracy..- 2. Soviet Comments on ‘Bourgeois Democracy’..- 3. Soviet Democracy..- 4. ‘Proletarian Dictatorship’, a New Type of State..- VI Soviet Society.- XX. Social Stratification.- 1. Destruction of the Old Society..- 2. Formation of New Social Strata..- 3. Social Inequality in the ‘Classless’ Society..- 4. Stabilization of Social Inequalities..- XXI. Organization of Social Life.- 1. Social Organizations before 1917..- 2. Peculiarities of Soviet Social Life..- 3. Dissolution of Society in the State..- 4. The Church..- 5. The Army..- XXII. Family Law.- 1. Pre-revolutionary Law..- 2. The Code of 1918..- 3. The Code of 1926..- 4. The New Trends..- 5. The Family and the State..- VII Soviet Justice.- XXIII. Crime and Punishment.- 1. Cruelty of The Soviet Penal System..- 2. Differences in the Common Principles..- 3. Exploitation in the Form of Punishment..- XXIV. The Judicial Administration.- 1. Comradely Justice..- 2. Special Courts and the ‘Law of Revolution’..- 3. The Justice of the Secret Police..- VIII Principles and Practice of International Law.- XXV. Two Systems of International Law.- 1. Development of the Soviet Concept of International Law..- 2. Sources of International Law..- 3. Principle of Sovereignty..- 4. Soviet Contributions to International Law..- 5. The Soviet Union and International Organizations..- XXVI. Soviet Satellites.- 1. Constitutions of the Soviet Satellites..- 2. The Com-munist Leadership..- 3. On the Way to Socialism..- 4. Apparent Sovereignty..- Conclusion.- References and Bibliography.- Abbreviations.- Index 1. Authors cited and quoted in References.- 2. Subjects and proper names in the text.