The Metal Road of the Eastern Eurasian Steppe

<div>FORWARD <br></div><div>PREFACE </div><div>I. The Geography of the Eurasian Steppe </div><div>II. The History of Research on the Relations between the Northern Zone of China and the Eurasian Steppe </div><div>III. About the Book </div><div>CHAPTER ONE </div><div>THE GERMINATION OF NORTHERN BRONZES </div><div>1.1 Different Bronze Systems in Eurasia </div><div>1.1.1 Eastern bronze culture system </div><div>1.1.2 Western bronze culture system </div><div>1.1.3 Bronze culture system during the late prehistoric period </div><div>1.2 Research Background beyond China Related to Chinese Early Bronzes </div><div>1.2.1 Early bronzes of the Oasis culture in southern Central Asia </div><div>1.2.2 Early bronzes of the steppe culture </div><div>1.2.3 Seriation of some early bronzes </div><div>1.3 The Formation of Different Systems of Early Chinese Bronzes </div><div>1.3.1 Central Plain bronze system during the Xia period </div><div>1.3.2 Northern bronze system during the Xia period </div><div>1.3.3 Early bronzes of the Northwestern bronze system during the Xia period </div><div>1.4 Relationship between the Early Bronzes from China and Those outside of China </div><div>1.4.1 Relationship between the bronzes of the Qijia culture and those outside of China </div><div>1.4.2 Relationship between the bronzes of the Siba culture and those of the Tianshanbeilu culture and those beyond the borders of China </div><div>1.4.3 The prototype of the Northern Zone of China-the Mongolian Plateau Metallurgical Province </div><div>CHAPTER TWO </div><div>THE EXPANSION OF THE STEPPE CULTURE DURING THE SECOND MILLENNIUM B.C. </div><div>2.1 Andronovo Culture and Seima-Turbino Culture </div><div>2.1.1 Andronovo culture and socketed battle axes in steppe </div><div>2.1.2 Characteristics, dating and population of the Seima-Turbino remains </div><div>2.1.3 Relationship between the two types of remains </div><div>2.2 Relevant Remains in China </div><div>2.2.1 Relevant remains of the Andronovo culture complex found in Xinjiang </div><div>2.2.2 Socketed battle axes in Xinjiang and the Northern Zone </div><div>2.2.3 Hollow-head axes in Xinjiang and the Northern Zone of China </div><div>2.2.4 Bronze spears with Seima-Turbino characteristics found in China </div><div>2.3 The Cultural Relations between China and the Steppe Zone during the 2000 B.C. </div><div>2.3.1 Expansion of the Andronovo culture complex in Xinjiang </div><div>2.3.2 The spread of socketed battle axes </div><div>2.3.3 Spread of axes </div><div>2.3.4 Seima-Turbino-type bronze spears </div><div>2.3.5 Summary </div><div>CHAPTER THREE </div><div>THE EMERGENCE AND EXPANSION OF BRONZES IN THE NORTHERN ZONE OF CHINA </div><div>3.1 Emergence of the Northern Bronzes </div><div>3.1.1 Northern bronzes during the early Shang period </div><div>3.1.2 Northern bronzes from the late Shang to West Zhou </div><div>3.1.3 Evolution of the major bronzes </div><div>3.2 Eurasian Steppe at the End of the 2nd Millennium B.C. </div><div>3.2.1 Kazakh steppes, East European steppe, and forest steppes in the post-Seima period </div><div>3.2.2 Early bronze artifacts in the Mongolian region </div><div>3.2.3 Karasuk culture in the Minusinsk Basin </div><div>3.3 The Spread of Chinese Northern Bronzes </div><div>3.3.1 The influence of northern bronzes on Central Plain culture </div><div>3.3.2 The influence of northern bronzes on the north of the Yan Mountains </div><div>3.3.3 The relationship between northern bronze and the Mongolian Plateau </div><div>3.3.4 The relationship between the northern bronze and Minusinsk Basin </div><div>3.3.5 The influence of the northern bronzes on the steppes beyond the border, taking the bronze short sword as an example </div><div>CHAPTER FOUR </div><div>THE BEGINNING OF THE EARLY NOMADIC AGE </div><div>4.1 The Beginning of the Nomadic Culture of the Eurasian Steppe </div><div>4.1.1 The northern coast of the Black Sea and the Kuban River Basin: The pre- and early Scythian cultures </div><div>4.1.2 South Siberia in Russia: the Arzhan Kurgan </div><div>4.1.3 Slab Grave culture in the Mongolian Plateau and Trans-Baikal </div><div>4.2 The Predecessor of Nomadic Civilization in the Northern Zone of China </div><div>4.2.1 Upper Xiajiadian culture </div><div>4.2.2 Kayue culture </div><div>4.3 Contact between the Northern Zone of China and the Eurasian Steppe </div><div>4.3.1 The relationship between the Upper Xiajiadian culture and the Slab Grave culture </div><div>4.3.2 Cultural interaction between the Upper Xiajiadian culture and South Siberia and the Black Sea </div><div>4.3.3 Division of the middle and eastern Eurasian Steppe and their characteristics </div><div>4.4 Conjectures of Transition from Animal Husbandry to Nomadic Pastoralism </div><div>CHAPTER FIVE </div><div>THE NORTHERN ZONE OF CHINA AND THE EURASIAN STEPPE IN THE EARLY IRON AGE </div><div>5.1 The Prosperous Nomadic Culture in the Eurasian Steppe </div><div>5.1.1 The Scythian culture </div><div>5.1.2 The Sauro-Sarmatian culture </div><div>5.1.3 The Saka culture </div><div>5.1.4 The Tagar culture </div><div>5.1.5 The early nomadic culture in the Tuva area </div><div>5.1.6 The early nomadic culture in the Altai region </div><div>5.1.7 The Slab Grave culture </div><div>5.2 Formation of the Northern Cultural Belt of China </div><div>5.2.1 The sites of the Di in Northern China </div><div>5.2.2 Remains related to the Hu in the Northern Zone </div><div>5.2.3 Differences between two types of sites in the Northern Zone of China during the Eastern Zhou Period </div><div>5.3 Interactions between the Northern Zone of China and the Eurasian Steppe </div><div>5.3.1 Interactions with the Mongolian Plateau and Transbaikal </div><div>5.3.2 Interactions with Minusinsk and Tuva </div><div>5.3.3 Connections with the Altai region </div><div>5.3.4 Connections with the Semirechye region in the Tianshan Mountains </div><div>5.4 Further Exploration of the Origin of the Xiongnu </div><div>5.4.1 Comparison between the earliest Xiongnu remains and the related remains of the Northern Zone of China and the Mongolian Plateau </div><div>5.4.2 Discussion </div><div>CHAPTER SIX </div><div>CULTURAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE NORTHERN ZONE OF CHINA AND THE EURASIAN STEPPE IN THE XIONGNU TIMES </div><div>6.1 Study on the Staging of Xiongnu Remains </div><div>6.1.1 Description of related concepts </div><div>6.1.2 Staging the Xiongnu remains in Mongolia and the Transbaikal region </div><div>6.1.3 The large tombs of the Xiongnu </div><div>6.2 Sources of Xiongnu Cultural Elements and Their Communication with Surrounding Areas </div><div>6.2.1 Analysis of the cultural factors of the Xiongnu remains in the middle and late Western Han period </div><div>6.2.2 The spread of the Xiongnu culture </div><div>6.2.3 Summary of the spread of Xiongnu’s cultural factors and their relationship with the surrounding ethnic groups and the subordinate countries of Xiongnu </div><div>6.3 The Transformation of Cultural Interactions between the Northern Zone of China and the Eurasian Steppe from the Late Warring States period to the Middle Western Han Period </div><div>6.3.1 Eurasian Steppe cultural features in the Northern Zone of China during the late Warring States period </div><div>6.3.2 The Eurasian Steppe cultural factors in the Northern Zone of China during the Western Han dynasty </div><div>6.3.3 The cultural factors of the Central Plain in the Xiongnu culture </div><div>6.3.4 The opening of the Silk Road and its southward movement </div><div>CONCLUSION </div><div>I. The Development of the Northern Zone of China-Mongolian Plateau Metallurgical Province and the Rise of the Xiongnu </div><div>II. The Contact of the Northern Zone of China with the Asian Inland Piedmont and the Formation of the Silk Road </div><div>III. The Eastward and Westward Cultural Advances Influenced by Cultures of the Eastern Region and the Western Region </div><div>POSTSCRIPT</div>