<p style="margin:0px;">I. WRITING SITUATIONS AND PROCESSES</p> <p style="margin:0px;">1. Ten Top Tips for College Writers</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">1. Be specific: use RENNS.</p> <p style="margin:0px;">2. Record writing ideas.</p> <p style="margin:0px;">3. Check Part 2, “Frames for College Writing,” for ideas.</p> <p style="margin:0px;">4. Focus on purpose and audience.</p> <p style="margin:0px;">5. Use logical, ethical, and emotional appeals.</p> <p style="margin:0px;">6. Engage your readers.</p> <p style="margin:0px;">7. Play the “believing game” and “doubting game.”</p> <p style="margin:0px;">8. Develop your ability as a critical reader and thinker.</p> <p style="margin:0px;">9. Record source information.</p> <p style="margin:0px;">10. Welcome feedback.</p> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">2. Ten Troublesome Mistakes Writers Make</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">1. Sentence fragments</p> <p style="margin:0px;">2. Comma splices and run-ons</p> <p style="margin:0px;">3. Mistakes in subject—verb agreement</p> <p style="margin:0px;">4. Mistakes in pronoun—antecedent agreement</p> <p style="margin:0px;">5. Unclear pronoun reference</p> <p style="margin:0px;">6. Sentence shifts</p> <p style="margin:0px;">7. Misplaced modifiers</p> <p style="margin:0px;">8. Mistakes with homonyms</p> <p style="margin:0px;">9. Comma errors</p> <p style="margin:0px;">10. Apostrophe errors</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">3. Essential Processes for Reading</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Importance of reading</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Purposes for college reading</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C SQ3R reading process</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Reading comprehension strategies</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">4. Reading and Thinking Critically</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A What “critical” means</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Rhetorical appeals</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Levels of meaning</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Critical thinking and reading processes</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Close and active reading</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Analyzing</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G Synthesizing and evaluating</p> <p style="margin:0px;">H Inductive and deductive reasoning</p> <p style="margin:0px;">I Reading images critically</p> <p style="margin:0px;">J How images persuade</p> <p style="margin:0px;">K Analyzing words with images</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">5. Understanding College and Other Writing Situations</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Writing situations</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Purpose</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Audience</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Role</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Genre</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Context and special requirements</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">6. Essential Processes for Writing</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Writing processes</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Thinking like a writer</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Starting to plan</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Developing ideas</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Thesis statement</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Outlining</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G First draft</p> <p style="margin:0px;">H Writer’s block</p> <p style="margin:0px;">I Revising</p> <p style="margin:0px;">J Editing</p> <p style="margin:0px;">K Proofreading</p> <p style="margin:0px;">L Student’s draft essay</p> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">7. Writing Paragraphs, Shaping Essays</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Shaping essays</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B How paragraphs work</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Introductory paragraphs</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Body paragraphs</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Topic sentences</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Developing body paragraphs</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G Coherence</p> <p style="margin:0px;">H Rhetorical patterns</p> <p style="margin:0px;">I Transitional paragraphs</p> <p style="margin:0px;">J Concluding paragraphs</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">8. Designing Documents</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Document design</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Principles of design</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Text</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Headings</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Photographs</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Other visuals</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G Page layout</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">9. Creating a Writing Portfolio</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Writing portfolio</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B What to include</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Self-reflection</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Format</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">10. Writing with Others</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Writing with others</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Collaboration</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Giving feedback</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Benefiting from others’ help</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Online discussions</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">II. FRAMES FOR COLLEGE WRITING</p> <p style="margin:0px;">11. Personal Essays</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Personal essays</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Planning and revising</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Frame for a personal essay</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Sentence and paragraph guides</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Student essay example</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">12. Informative Essays</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Informative essays</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Planning and revising</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Frame for an informative essay</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Sentence and paragraph guides</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Student essay example</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">13. Process Essays</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Process essays</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Planning and revising</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Frame for a process essay</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Sentence and paragraph guides</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Student essay example</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">14. Essays Analyzing Cause or Effect</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Essays analyzing cause or effect</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Planning and revising</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Frame for essays that analyze cause or effect</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Sentence and paragraph guides</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Student essay example</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">15. Essays Analyzing a Text</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Textual analysis</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Generating ideas</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Frame for a textual analysis</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Sentence and paragraph guides</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Student essay example</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">16. Argument Essays</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Arguments</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Planning and revising</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Logical fallacies</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Frames for arguments</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Sentence and paragraph guides</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Student essay example</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">17. Proposal or Solution Essays</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Proposal or solution essays</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Planning and revising</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Frame for a proposal or solution essay</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Sentence and paragraph guides</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Student essay example</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">18. Evaluation Essays</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Evaluation essays</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Planning and revising</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Frame for an evaluation essay</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Sentence and paragraph guides</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Student essay example</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">III. SOURCE-BASED WRITING</p> <p style="margin:0px;">19. Avoiding Plagiarism</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Plagiarism</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Avoiding plagiarism</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Avoiding patchwriting</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Intellectual property</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Documenting ideas</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Internet sources</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G What not to document</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">20. Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Integrating sources</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Quoting sources</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Paraphrasing sources</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Summarizing sources</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Signal words for integrating sources</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Synthesizing sources</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G Relationships between sources</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">21. Writing About Readings</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Typical assignments</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Summary essay</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Response essay</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Analysis or interpretation essays</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Essays that apply readings</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">IV. RESEARCH AND DOCUMENTATION</p> <p style="margin:0px;">22. Starting and Planning Research Projects</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Research</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Sources</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Research papers</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Planning a research project</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Choosing a research topic</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Research question</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G Research log</p> <p style="margin:0px;">H Writing situation and the research paper</p> <p style="margin:0px;">I Types of research papers</p> <p style="margin:0px;">J Choosing a documentation style</p> <p style="margin:0px;">K Search strategy</p> <p style="margin:0px;">L Field research</p> <p style="margin:0px;">M Working bibliography</p> <p style="margin:0px;">N Documentation software</p> <p style="margin:0px;">O Annotated bibliography</p> <p style="margin:0px;">P Content notes </p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">23. Finding Published Sources</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Kinds of published sources</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Libraries</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Search engines and databases</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Using search engines and databases</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Finding books</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Finding periodicals</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G Using reference works</p> <p style="margin:0px;">H Finding images</p> <p style="margin:0px;">I Finding government documents</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">24. Evaluating Sources</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Location of a source</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Credibility of the publisher</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Credibility of the author</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Use of evidence</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Other critical thinking tests</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Combined evaluation strategies</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">25. Drafting and Revising a Research Paper</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Writing process</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Drafting a thesis statement</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Outlining</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Drafting</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Frames for research papers</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Revising</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G Editing and formatting</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">26. MLA Documentation with Case Study</p> <p style="margin:0px;">MLA In-Text Citation Directory</p> <p style="margin:0px;">MLA Works Cited List Directory</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A MLA documentation style</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B MLA in-text parenthetical documentation</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C MLA examples for parenthetical citations</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D MLA Works Cited list</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E MLA examples for sources in a Works Cited list</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F MLA format guidelines for research papers</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G MLA-style student research paper</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">27. APA Documentation with Case Study</p> <p style="margin:0px;">APA In-Text Citations Directory </p> <p style="margin:0px;">APA References List Directory </p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A APA documentation style</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B APA in-text parenthetical citations</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C APA examples for in-text citations</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D APA guidelines for a References list</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E APA examples for sources in a References list</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F APA guidelines for an abstract</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G APA guidelines for content notes</p> <p style="margin:0px;">H APA format guidelines for research papers</p> <p style="margin:0px;">I APA-style student research paper</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">28. Chicago Manual (CM) and Council of Science Editors (CSE) Documentation</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A CM-style documentation</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B CM examples for bibliographic notes</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C CSE-style documentation</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D CSE examples for sources in a list of references</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">V. UNDERSTANDING GRAMMAR AND WRITING CORRECT SENTENCES </p> <p style="margin:0px;">29. Parts of Speech and Sentence Structures </p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">Parts of Speech<br>A Parts of speech <br>B Nouns</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Pronouns</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Verbs</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Verbals</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Adjectives</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G Adverbs</p> <p style="margin:0px;">H Prepositions</p> <p style="margin:0px;">I Conjunctions</p> <p style="margin:0px;">J Interjections</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">Sentence Structures</p> <p style="margin:0px;">K What a sentence is</p> <p style="margin:0px;">L Subject and predicate</p> <p style="margin:0px;">M Direct and indirect objects</p> <p style="margin:0px;">N Complements, modifiers, and appositives</p> <p style="margin:0px;">O Phrases</p> <p style="margin:0px;">P Clauses</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Q Four sentence types</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">30. Verbs</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A What verbs do</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">Verb Forms</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Forms of main verbs</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C The -s, or -es, form</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Regular and irregular verbs</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Auxiliary verbs</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Intransitive and transitive verbs</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">Verb Tense</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G Verb tense</p> <p style="margin:0px;">H Simple present tense</p> <p style="margin:0px;">I Perfect tenses</p> <p style="margin:0px;">J Progressive forms</p> <p style="margin:0px;">K Tense sequences</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">Mood</p> <p style="margin:0px;">L What “mood” is</p> <p style="margin:0px;">M Subjunctive forms</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">Voice</p> <p style="margin:0px;">N What “voice” is</p> <p style="margin:0px;">O Active rather than passive voice</p> <p style="margin:0px;">P Proper uses of passive voice</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">31. Pronouns: Case and Reference</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">Pronoun Case</p> <p style="margin:0px;">A What “case” means</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Personal pronouns</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Pronouns and case</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Case when and connects pronouns</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Case with appositives</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Case after linking verbs</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G Who, whoever, whom, and whomever</p> <p style="margin:0px;">H Case after than or as</p> <p style="margin:0px;">I Pronouns before infinitives</p> <p style="margin:0px;">J Pronouns with -ing words</p> <p style="margin:0px;">K Case with -self pronouns</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">Pronoun Reference</p> <p style="margin:0px;">L What pronoun reference is</p> <p style="margin:0px;">M Clear pronoun reference</p> <p style="margin:0px;">N Unclear pronoun reference</p> <p style="margin:0px;">O Pronouns with it, that, this, and which</p> <p style="margin:0px;">P They and it</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Q It</p> <p style="margin:0px;">R You for direct address</p> <p style="margin:0px;">S That, which, and who</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">32. Agreement</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A What agreement is</p> <p style="margin:0px;"> </p> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">Subject-Verb Agreement</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B What subject—verb agreement is</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Final -s or -es in a subject or verb</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Words between a subject and its verb</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Subjects connected by and</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Each and every</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G Subjects connected by or</p> <p style="margin:0px;">H Inverted word order</p> <p style="margin:0px;">I Indefinite pronoun subjects</p> <p style="margin:0px;">J Collective noun subjects</p> <p style="margin:0px;">K Linking verbs and subject complements</p> <p style="margin:0px;">L Verbs with who, which, and that</p> <p style="margin:0px;">M Verbs with amounts, fields of study, and other special nouns</p> <p style="margin:0px;">N Verbs with titles, company names, and words as words</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement</p> <p style="margin:0px;">O What pronoun—antecedent agreement is</p> <p style="margin:0px;">P When and connects antecedents</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Q When or connects antecedents</p> <p style="margin:0px;">R When antecedents are indefinite pronouns</p> <p style="margin:0px;">S Nonsexist pronouns</p> <p style="margin:0px;">T When antecedents are collective nouns</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">33. Adjectives and Adverbs</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Adjectives versus adverbs</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B When to use adverbs as modifiers</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Double negatives</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Adjectives or adverbs after linking verbs</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Comparative and superlative forms</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Avoiding a long string of nouns as modifiers</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">34. Sentence Fragments</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A What a sentence fragment is</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Recognizing a sentence fragment</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Fragment that starts with a subordinating word</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Fragment that lacks a verb</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Fragment that lacks a subject</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Fragment that’s part of a compound predicate</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G List that is a fragment</p> <p style="margin:0px;">H Intentional fragments</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">35. Comma Splices and Run-On Sentences</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A What comma splices and run-ons are</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Recognizing comma splices and run-ons</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Period to correct comma splices and run-ons</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Semicolon to correct comma splices and run-ons</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Comma and coordinating conjunction to correct comma splices and run-ons</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Revising clauses to correct comma splices and run-ons</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G Using adverbs and transitions to correct comma splices and run-ons</p> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">36. Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers</p> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">Misplaced Modifiers</p> <p style="margin:0px;">A What a misplaced modifier is</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Avoiding split infinitives</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Avoiding other splits in sentences</p> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;"> </p> <p style="margin:0px;">Dangling Modifiers</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Avoiding dangling modifiers</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Proofreading for misplaced and dangling modifiers</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">37. Shifting and Mixed Sentences</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">Shifting Sentences</p> <p style="margin:0px;">A What a shifting sentence is</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Shifts in person and number</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Shifts in subject and voice</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Shifts in tense and mood</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Shifts between indirect and direct discourse</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">Mixed Sentences</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F What a mixed sentence is</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G Mixed sentence due to faulty predication</p> <p style="margin:0px;">H Elliptical constructions</p> <p style="margin:0px;">I Comparisons</p> <p style="margin:0px;">J Proofreading for omitted words</p> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">VI. WRITING EFFECTIVELY WITH STYLE</p> <p style="margin:0px;">38. Effective Words, Tone, and Sentences</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A What style and tone are</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">Word Choice</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Standard edited English</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Formality and tone</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Exact diction</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Specific words</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Figurative language</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G Gender-neutral language</p> <p style="margin:0px;">H Language to avoid</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">Sentence Variety</p> <p style="margin:0px;">I Sentence length</p> <p style="margin:0px;">J Cumulative and periodic sentences</p> <p style="margin:0px;">K Modifiers</p> <p style="margin:0px;">L Other ways to create variety and emphasis</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">39. Coordination and Subordination</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A What coordination and subordination are</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Coordination in sentences</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Structure of a coordinate sentence</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Coordinating conjunctions</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Effective coordination</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Subordination in sentences</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G Structure of a subordinate sentence</p> <p style="margin:0px;">H Subordinating conjunctions</p> <p style="margin:0px;">I Effective subordination</p> <p style="margin:0px;">J Coordination and subordination together</p> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">40. Parallelism</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A What parallelism is</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Words, phrases, and clauses in parallel form</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Impact of parallelism</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Avoiding faulty parallelism</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Parallelism in outlines and lists</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">41. Conciseness</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A What conciseness is</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Common expressions that are not concise</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Sentence structures that work against conciseness</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Revising for conciseness</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Verbs and conciseness</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">VII. USING PUNCTUATION AND MECHANICS</p> <p style="margin:0px;">42. Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Points</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">Periods</p> <p style="margin:0px;">A Periods ending a sentence</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Periods with abbreviations</p> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;"> </p> <p style="margin:0px;">Question Marks</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C When to use a question mark</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Question marks in parentheses</p> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;"> </p> <p style="margin:0px;">Exclamation Points</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E When to use an exclamation point</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Overuse of exclamation points</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">43. Commas</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A The role of the comma</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Commas with coordinating conjunctions</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Commas with introductory clauses, phrases, and words</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Commas with items in a series</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Commas with coordinate adjectives</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Commas with nonrestrictive elements</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G Commas with parenthetical expressions, contrasts, words of direct address, and tag sentences</p> <p style="margin:0px;">H Commas with quoted words</p> <p style="margin:0px;">I Commas in dates, names, addresses, correspondence, and numbers</p> <p style="margin:0px;">J How commas clarify meaning</p> <p style="margin:0px;">K Misusing commas</p> <p style="margin:0px;">L Avoiding comma errors</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">44. Semicolons</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Uses of a semicolon</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Semicolon, not period, between independent clauses</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C When else to use a semicolon between independent clauses</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Semicolons with coordinating conjunctions</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Semicolons between items in a series</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Avoiding semicolon errors</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">45. Colons</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Uses of a colon</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Colons introducing a list, appositive, or quotation</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Colons between two independent clauses</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Standard formats requiring a colon</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E When a colon is wrong</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">46. Apostrophes</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Role of the apostrophe</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Apostrophe to show a possessive noun</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Apostrophe with possessive pronouns</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Apostrophe with contractions</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Apostrophe with possessive indefinite pronouns</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Plural of miscellaneous elements</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G When an apostrophe is wrong</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">47. Quotation Marks</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Role of quotation marks</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Quotation marks with short direct quotations</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Quotation marks with long quotations</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Quotation marks for quotations within quotations</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Quotation marks for quotations of poetry and dialogue</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Quotation marks with titles of short works</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G Quotation marks for words used as words</p> <p style="margin:0px;">H Quotation marks with other punctuation</p> <p style="margin:0px;">I When quotation marks are wrong</p> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">48. Other Punctuation Marks</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">Dash</p> <p style="margin:0px;">A Dash</p> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;"> </p> <p style="margin:0px;">Parentheses</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Parentheses</p> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;"> </p> <p style="margin:0px;">Brackets</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Brackets</p> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;"> </p> <p style="margin:0px;">Ellipsis Points</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Ellipsis points</p> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;"> </p> <p style="margin:0px;">Slash</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Slash</p> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;"> </p> <p style="margin:0px;">Hyphen</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Hyphen</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G Hyphen at the end of a line</p> <p style="margin:0px;">H Hyphen with prefixes and suffixes</p> <p style="margin:0px;">I Hyphen with compound words</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;">49. Capitals, Italics, Abbreviations, and Numbers</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">Capitals</p> <p style="margin:0px;">A Capitals for a “first” word</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Capitals with listed items</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Capitals with sentences in parentheses</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Capitals with quotations</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Capitals for nouns and adjectives</p> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;"> </p> <p style="margin:0px;">Italics</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F What italics are</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G Italics versus quotation marks</p> <p style="margin:0px;">H Italics for special emphasis</p> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;"> </p> <p style="margin:0px;">Abbreviations</p> <p style="margin:0px;">I Standard practices for using abbreviations</p> <p style="margin:0px;">J Abbreviations with months, time, eras, and symbols</p> <p style="margin:0px;">K Abbreviations for other elements</p> <p style="margin:0px;">L When to use etc.</p> <p style="margin:0px;"></p> <p style="margin:0px;"> </p> <p style="margin:0px;">Numbers</p> <p style="margin:0px;">M When to use spelled-out numbers</p> <p style="margin:0px;">N Standard practices for writing numbers</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">50. Spelling</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A What makes a good speller</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Proofreading for spelling and hyphen use</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C How plurals are spelled</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D How suffixes are spelled</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E The ie, ei rule</p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Why commonly confused words and homonyms are misspelled</p> <p style="margin:0px;">G Compound words </p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">VIII. WRITING WHEN ENGLISH IS NOT YOUR FIRST LANGUAGE</p> <p style="margin:0px;">Our Message to Multilingual Writers </p> <p style="margin:0px;">51. The Challenges of Writing in English </p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Expectations of U.S. writing instructors </p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Expectations for analysis of readings </p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Improving sentence structure </p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Improving word choice (vocabulary) </p> <p style="margin:0px;">E English errors from other languages </p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Correcting errors</p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"> </p> <p style="margin:0px;">52. Singulars and Plurals </p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Count and noncount nouns </p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Determiners with singular and plural nouns </p> <p style="margin:0px;">C One of, nouns as adjectives, and states in names or titles </p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Nouns with irregular plurals </p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"> </p> <p style="margin:0px;">53. Articles </p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A A, an, or the with singular count nouns </p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Articles with plural nouns and noncount nouns </p> <p style="margin:0px;">C The with proper nouns and gerunds </p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"> </p> <p style="margin:0px;">54. Word Order </p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Standard and inverted word order </p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Placement of adjectives </p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Placement of adverbs </p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"> </p> <p style="margin:0px;">55. Prepositions </p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Recognizing prepositions </p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Prepositions with expressions of time and place </p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Prepositions in phrasal verbs </p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Prepositions with past participles </p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Prepositions in expressions </p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"> </p> <p style="margin:0px;">56. Gerunds, Infinitives, and Participles </p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Gerunds and infinitives as subjects </p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Using a gerund, not an infinitive, as an object</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Using an infinitive, not a gerund, as an object</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D How meaning changes when certain verbs are followed by a gerund or an infinitive </p> <p style="margin:0px;">E How meaning is unchanged when a gerund or an infinitive follows sense verbs </p> <p style="margin:0px;">F -ing and -ed forms for adjectives </p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"> </p> <p style="margin:0px;">57. Modal Auxiliary Verbs </p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Conveying ability, necessity, advisability, possibility, and probability with modals </p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Conveying preferences, plans, and past habits with modals </p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Modals in the passive voice </p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"> </p> <p style="margin:0px;">IX. SPECIFIC WRITING SITUATIONS </p> <p style="margin:0px;">58. An Overview of Writing Across the Curriculum </p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Writing across the curriculum </p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Audience and purpose across the curriculum </p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"> </p> <p style="margin:0px;">59. Writing About the Humanities </p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A What the humanities are </p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Types of papers in the humanities </p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Documentation in the humanities </p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Writing about literature </p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Different types of papers about literature </p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Special rules for writing about literature </p> <p style="margin:0px;">G Documentation in writing about literature </p> <p style="margin:0px;">H A student’s essay about literature </p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"> </p> <p style="margin:0px;">60. Writing in the Social and Natural Sciences</p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A What the social sciences are </p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Types of papers in the social sciences</p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Documentation in the social sciences</p> <p style="margin:0px;">D What the natural sciences are</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Types of papers in the natural sciences </p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Documentation in the natural sciences </p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"> </p> <p style="margin:0px;">61. Writing Under Pressure </p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Writing under pressure </p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Preparing for essay exams </p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"> </p> <p style="margin:0px;">62. Making Presentations </p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A What presentations are </p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Using situation to focus a presentation </p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Adapt the message to the audience </p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Organize a presentation </p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Using multimedia in presentations </p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Presentation styles </p> <p style="margin:0px;">G Collaborative presentations </p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"> </p> <p style="margin:0px;">63. Writing for Digital Environments </p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A What digital environments are</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Blogs </p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Wikis </p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Photographs </p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Video and sound recordings </p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Web sites </p> <p style="margin:0px;">G Netiquette </p> <p style="margin:0px;">H Social networking </p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"> </p> <p style="margin:0px;">64. Writing for Work </p> <blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;">A Who writes in the workplace, and why</p> <p style="margin:0px;">B Features of work correspondence </p> <p style="margin:0px;">C Work e-mail </p> <p style="margin:0px;">D Memos</p> <p style="margin:0px;">E Business letters </p> <p style="margin:0px;">F Business proposals </p> <p style="margin:0px;">G Résumés </p> <p style="margin:0px;">H Job application letters </p> </blockquote> <p style="margin:0px;"> Usage Glossary </p> <p style="margin:0px;"> Terms Glossary </p> <p style="margin:0px;"> Credits </p> <p style="margin:0px;"> Index </p>