International Organization Initiatives

Introduction: Why Should We Care About IO Initiatives in Response to Needs?, José E. Alvarez

PART I. THEORETICAL AND LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF IO INITIATIVES
1:Change in International Organizations, Hannah Birkenkötter
2:IO Initiatives, Ideology, and the Imaginaries of Liberal Reform, Guy Fiti Sinclair
3:From Functionalism to Constitutionalism: Translating Theories on IO Powers into Practice, Christiane Ahlborn
4:The Evolution of IO Powers and Activities: A Legal Framework, Niels Blokker
5:Interpreting Constituent Instruments to Justify the Evolving Powers of International Organizations, Fernando Lusa Bordin

PART II. THE ROLE OF SECRETARIATS IN INITIATING IO CHANGE
6:IO Secretariats as Knowledge Actors, Margherita Melillo
7:The Establishment of the UN Criminal Tribunals: The Role of the UN Secretariat, Huw Llewellyn
8:The World Bank's Evolution Towards Environmental and Social Responsibilities, Charles di Leva
9:WHO's Reactions to COVID- 19: Between Politics and Managerialism, Gian Luca Burci and Ana Balcazar-Moreno
10:Fossil Fuel Subsidies at the Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development, Ronald Steenblik and Helen Mountford
11:The African Union Commission's Endeavour with the International Court of Justice for Achieving the Complete Decolonization of Mauritius: The Case of the Chagos Archipelago, Namira Negm
12:Concluding Commentary: Secretariats as Innovators, Jacob Cogan Katz

PART III. THE ROLE OF HEADS OF SECRETARIATS IN INITIATING IO CHANGE: FUNCTIONAL FORMALISM AND PLURALISM
13:The Role of Heads of Secretariats in Initiating Change: Functional Formalism and Pluralism, Naphtali Ukamwa
14:The Evolution of UN Secretary- General Initiatives to Respond to Violent and Non- Violent Threats to International Peace and Security, Mona Ali Khalil
15:The Financial Action Task Force: Coming of Age: Becoming an International Organization, David Lewis
16:UNESCO's Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence (2021): A Case Study in Intergovernmental Leadership and Consensus Building, Gabriela Ramos
17:Is Too Much Vision a Handicap for an Executive Head? Some Thoughts on W Jenks' Curtailed Mandate as ILO Director- General, Francies Maupain
18:Taking Initiatives in the WTO: The Role of an Executive Head in Steering Change, Akshaya Venkataraman
19:The International Energy Agency at 50: The Astounding Environmental Shift from an Organization Focused on Fossil Energy Supply to a Clean Energy Authority, André-Philippe Ouellet
20:The Driving Role of the Heads of International Organizations: A Case Study Around the Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development, Nicola Bonucci
21:Concluding Commentary: Reflections on IO Leaders' Approaches, Jane Aeberhard-Hodges

PART IV. INTERACTION WITH THE OUTSIDE WORLD AND IO CHANGE
22:Interactions with the Outside World as a Factor for IO Initiatives, Henner Gött
23:International Organization Interactions with Multi- stakeholder Initiatives: The International Labour Organization Experience, Janelle M Diller
24:How Do External Factors Shape Institutional, Legal, Strategic, or Policy Change in International Organizations: Review of Selected Examples in World Bank Practice, Hassane Cissé
25:IMF's Responses to New Challenges in the Global Economy: Recent Reforms of Its Financing Toolkit, Yan Liu and Kyung Kwak
26:Interactions with the 'Outside World' and the Work of the World Health Organization in Revising the Global Health Architecture for Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response, Steven A Solomon and Kenneth Piercy
27:The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria: Partnerships, Collaborations, and Initiatives with International Organizations, Fady Zeidan and Jean Abboud
28:IOs' Initiatives: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, Jelena Madir
29:The Role of Outside Experts in Anchoring Sustainable Development and Climate Protection in ECLAC's Work, Vivian Daniele Rocha Gabriel
30:Concluding Remarks: Silence, Michael Barnett

Conclusion: Adaptation, Change, and International Organizations: An Inside- Outside Perspective, Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, Gabrielle Marceau, Henner Gött, Akshaya Venkataraman, and Ana Balcazar-Moreno