A Theory of Objects

Prologue.- Review: Object-Oriented Features.- 1 Object Orientation.- 1.1 Objects.- 1.2 Reuse.- 1.3 Classifying Features.- 2 Class-Based Languages.- 2.1 Classes and Objects.- 2.2 Method Lookup.- 2.3 Subclasses and Inheritance.- 2.4 Subsumption and Dynamic Dispatch.- 2.5 Type Information, Lost and Found.- 2.6 Covariance, Contravariance, and Invariance.- 2.7 Method Specialization.- 2.8 Self Type Specialization.- 3 Advanced Class-Based Features.- 3.1 Object Types.- 3.2 Distinguishing Subclassing from Subtyping.- 3.3 Type Parameters.- 3.4 Subclassing without Subtyping.- 3.5 Object Protocols.- 4 Object-Based Languages.- 4.1 Objects without Classes.- 4.2 Prototypes and Clones.- 4.3 Inheritance by Embedding and by Delegation.- 4.4 Embedding.- 4.5 Delegation.- 4.6 Embedding versus Delegation.- 4.7 Dynamic Inheritance and Mode-Switching.- 4.8 Traits: From Prototypes back to Classes?.- 4.9 Types for Object-Based Languages.- 5 Modeling Object-Oriented Languages.- 5.1 Reduction to Basic Mechanisms.- 5.2 The Role of Method Update.- 5.3 The Scope of this Book.- I: Untyped and First-Order Calculi.- 6 Untyped Calculi.- 6.1 Object Primitives.- 6.2 The ?-Calculus.- 6.3 Functions as Objects.- 6.4 Fixpoints.- 6.5 Examples.- 6.6 Traits, Classes, and Inheritance.- 6.7 Interpretations of Objects.- 7 First-Order Calculi.- 7.1 Formal Systems.- 7.2 The Object Fragment.- 7.3 Standard First-Order Fragments.- 7.4 Examples.- 7.5 Some Properties of Ob1.- 7.6 First-Order Equational Theories.- 7.7 Functions and Fixpoints.- 8 Subtyping.- 8.1 Subtyping.- 8.2 Examples.- 8.3 Some Properties of Ob1.- 8.4 First-Order Equational Theories with Subtyping.- 8.5 Classes and Inheritance.- 8.6 Objects versus Records.- 8.7 Variance Annotations.- 9 Recursion.- 9.1 Recursion.- 9.2 Recursion and Subsumption.- 9.3 Some Properties of Ob1 Higher-Order Calculi.- 20 A Higher-Order Calculus.- 20.1 Syntax of Ob?