Alzheimer's Disease and Advanced Drug Delivery Strategies

Contributors<br>About the editors<br>Preface <br>Acknowledgments<br><br>1. Etiology, pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and amyloid beta hypothesis<br>SARIKA MARUTI KAMBLE, KALPESH RAMDAS PATIL AND AMAN B. UPAGANLAWAR<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Etiology of Alzheimer’s disease <br>3. Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease <br>4. Diagnosis of AD <br>5. Amyloid beta protein hypothesis <br>6. Consequences of amyloid beta (Ab) formation <br>7. Genetic factors responsible for the Alzheimer’s disease <br>References <br><br>2. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease<br>MOHIT AGRAWAL, MANMOHAN SINGHAL, BHUPENDRA GOPALBHAI PRAJAPATI, HEMA CHAUDHARY, YASH JASORIA, BHAVNA KUMAR, MANDEEP KUMAR ARORA AND JAGANNATH SAHOO<br><br>1. Introduction<br>2. History of neuroinflammation in AD <br>3. The concept of neuroinflammation in AD <br>4. Neuroinflammation: Causes and consequences of Alzheimer’s disease <br>5. BBB integrity and neuroinflammation <br>6. Role of cellular players <br>7. Role of mediators and modulators in neuroinflammation <br>8. Role of intracellular signaling pathway <br>9. Genetic studies <br>10. Imaging of neuroinflammation in AD <br>11. Possible intervention of neuroinflammation in AD <br>12. Factors associated with neuroinflammation <br>13. Development of therapeutic potential <br>14. Conclusion <br>References <br><br>3. Recent updates in chemistry of Alzheimer’s: Synthetic molecules<br>DEEPAK K. LOKWANI, SANGITA R. CHAVAN, VINOD G. UGALE, PRAKASH N. KENDRE AND SHIRISH P. JAIN<br><br>1. Introduction<br>2. MTDL approach associated with following scaffold or structures<br>3. Conclusion<br>References<br><br>4. Blood brain barrier and its significance in drug delivery to brain in Alzheimer disease<br>DHWANI RANA, SAGAR SALAVE, DIGNESH KHUNT AND DERAJRAM BENIVAL<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Blood brain barrier <br>3. Current treatments for AD <br>4. Emerging therapies for AD <br>5. Nanotherapeutics for AD <br>6. Other approaches for crossing BBB <br>7. Conclusion and future perspective <br>References<br><br>5. Nose to brain delivery for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease<br>DIGNESH KHUNT, SAGAR SALAVE, DHWANI RANA, DERAJRAM BENIVAL, BHAVIN GAYAKVAD AND BHUPENDRA GOPALBHAI PRAJAPATI<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. The nose-to-brain (N2B) pathway <br>3. AZD and current treament <br>4. Development of N2B delivery for AZD <br>5. Approaches to modulation of N2B delivery in AZD <br>6. Advantages of N2B delivery for AZD <br>7. Conclusion and future directions <br>References <br><br>6. Amyloid cascade hypothesis, tau synthesis, and role of oxidative stress in AD<br>JIGAR VYAS, NENSI RAYTTHATHA AND BHUPENDRA GOPALBHAI PRAJAPATI<br><br>1. Introduction to the amyloid (amyloid-beta peptide) <br>2. Biogenesis of amyloid-beta <br>3. Amyloid cascade hypothesis (ACH) <br>4. Pros and cons of the ACH <br>5. Therapeutic targeting for amyloid-beta in Alzheimer’s pathogenesis <br>6. Tau protein <br>7. Role of oxidative stress in AD <br>8. Corelation of amyloid B protein, tau process, and oxidative stress in AD <br>References <br><br>7. New biologicals and biomaterials in the therapy of Alzheimer’s disease<br>VIPUL PRAJAPATI, SHRADDHA SHINDE, PRINCY SHRIVASTAV AND BHUPENDRA GOPALBHAI PRAJAPATI<br><br>1. Introduction<br>2. Potential target for Alzheimer’s disease therapy<br>3. Biologicals used in therapy of Alzheimer’s disease<br>4. Biomaterials used in therapy of Alzheimer’s disease<br>5. Nanoparticles in the therapy of Alzheimer’s disease <br>6. Metal nanoparticles for Alzheimer’s disease treatment<br>7. Other NPs<br>8. Systems based on biomaterials for mass production of therapeutic cells<br>9. Challenges of biomaterial-based drug delivery approach in Alzheimer’s disease<br>10. Conclusion<br>References<br><br>8. Roles of nano medicine in diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease<br>MONA AMIT KAUSHAL, NIKITA A. PATEL, GAURAVI XAVIER AND BHUPENDRA GOPALBHAI PRAJAPATI<br><br>1. Introduction<br>2. Diagnostic tools for AD<br>3. Future perspective of nano medicine and their effectiveness<br>4. Conclusion and limitations<br>References<br><br>9. Nanotechnology-based delivery for CRISPR-Cas 9 cargo in Alzheimer’s disease<br>SHRUTI RAWAL, AKRUTI KHODAKIYA AND BHUPENDRA GOPALBHAI PRAJAPATI<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Genome editing by CRISPR-Cas system<br>3. Genome editing targets and scope of CRISPR-Cas 9 technology in Alzheimer’s disease<br>4. Barriers and challenges to CRISPR-Cas 9 delivery <br>5. Synergizing nano and CRISPR: Nanocarriermediated delivery <br>6. Conclusions and prospects <br>References <br><br>10. Liposomes as carrier for drug delivery in Alzheimer’s disease<br>RAVISH J. PATEL, AMIT A. PATEL, NIDHI TRIVEDI, VIDHI PANDYA, AMIT ALEXANDER, VIRAL PATEL, BHUPENDRA GOPALBHAI PRAJAPATI AND PUNIT B. PAREJIYA<br><br>1. Introduction<br>2. Liposomes as nanocarrier system for drug delivery <br>3. Liposome preparation materials and process <br>4. Modification of liposomes<br>5. Liposome’s potential as drug delivery for AD<br>6. Conclusion<br>Acknowledgment<br>References<br><br>11. PLGA mediated drug delivery for Alzheimer’s disease<br>TOSHA PANDYA, MANGESH KULKARNI, SHEETAL ACHARYA AND BHUPENDRA GOPALBHAI PRAJAPATI<br><br>1. Introduction<br>2. PLGA in Alzheimer’s disease<br>3. Applications of PLGA in treatment of AD<br>4. Animal models for testing AD targeted PLGA formulations<br>5. Patents<br>6. Conclusion and future prospective<br>References<br><br>12. Regulatory and ethical concerns in the use of nanomaterials<br>NAKSHEE MEHTA, SRISHTI SHETTY, BHUPENDRA GOPALBHAI PRAJAPATI AND SARITHA SHETTY<br><br>1. Introduction<br>2. Nanomaterials<br>3. Existing regulations on nanomaterials<br>4. Regulatory concerns involved with the use of nanomaterials<br>5. Nanomaterials in formulations and drug delivery systems to treat Alzheimer (AD)<br>6. Ethical concerns involved with the use of nanomaterials<br>7. Future challenges and policies<br>References<br><br>13. Symptoms and conventional treatments of Alzheimer’s disease<br>MEHUL R. CHORAWALA, AAYUSHI C. SHAH, AANSHI J. PANDYA, NIRJARI R. KOTHARI AND BHUPENDRA GOPALBHAI PRAJAPATI<br><br>1. Introduction<br>2. Recent neuropathological aspects<br>3. Clinical presentation<br>4. Conventional therapeutic approaches<br>5. Hardships faced by caregivers<br>6. Need of treatments although AD is incurable<br>7. Recent advances in AD treatments<br>8. Conclusion and outlooks<br>References<br><br>14. Dendrimers in the management of Alzheimer’s disease<br>CHETNA MODI, BHUPENDRA GOPALBHAI PRAJAPATI, SUDARSHAN SINGH, ADITYA SINGH AND SHUBHRAT MAHESHWARI<br><br>1. Introduction<br>2. Synthesis method of dendrimers<br>3. Types of dendrimers<br>4. Method of drug loading in dendrimers<br>5. Properties of dendrimers<br>6. Characterization of dendrimers<br>7. Animal models: In vitro and in vivo studies<br>8. Applications in treatment of Alzheimer’s disease<br>9. Clinical trials <br>10. Patents <br>11. Conclusion <br>References <br><br>15. Precision medicines for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease<br>SANGAMESHWAR B. KANTHALE, PRAKASH N. KENDRE, SOMNATH K. VIBHUTE, SHIRISH P. JAIN AND SHRADHA S. TIWARI<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Background <br>3. Comprehensive risk determination <br>4. Intervention design <br>5. Methodology <br>6. System biology method for AD research <br>7. Role of genetics in precision medicine <br>8. Nanoparticles as precision medicines in AD <br>9. Discovery, development, and validation of pathophysiological biomarker candidates in AD <br>10. Challenges in AD risk reduction <br>11. Next step and future directions <br>12. Conclusion <br>References <br><br>16. Nanoformulations targeting Alzheimer’s disease<br>DEVESH KAPOOR, DEEPAK SHARMA, YASHWANT PATHAK, BHUPENDRA GOPALBHAI PRAJAPATI AND BHAVIK SATANI<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Overview of BBB and B-CSFB <br>3. Obstacles in drug delivery to BBB/B-CSF in ADs <br>4. Nanocarrier based nanoformulations to combat AD’s <br>5. Carbon dots (CDs) <br>6. Nanodiamonds (NDs) <br>7. Fullerene <br>8. Nanotubes <br>9. Conclusion <br>References<br><br>17. Lipid nanoparticles in targeting Alzheimer’s disease<br>PRAKASH N. KENDRE, AJINKYA POTE, RASIKA BHALKE, BHUPENDRA GOPALBHAI PRAJAPATI, SHIRISH P. JAIN AND DEVESH KAPOOR<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Different types of LNs used in AD<br>3. Lipids nanoparticles (LNs) and AD <br>4. Limitations of LNs in CNS diseases<br>5. Regulatory considerations of LNs <br>6. Future prospective and conclusion <br>References<br><br>18. Novel therapeutic approaches for targeting Alzheimer’s disease<br>AKRUTI KHODAKIYA, SUNITA CHAUDHARY, ANKIT CHAUDHARY AND BHUPENDRA GOPALBHAI PRAJAPATI<br><br>1. Alzheimer’s disease: Scope of new therapeutic approaches<br>2. FDA approved drugs for Alzheimer’s disease<br>3. Novel therapeutic approaches<br>4. Conclusion and future perspectives<br>References<br><br>19. Micro and nanoemulsion as drug carriers in Alzheimer’s disease<br>AMI PATEL, HIMANSHU PALIWAL, KRUTIKA SAWANT AND BHUPENDRA GOPALBHAI PRAJAPATI<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Microemulsion and nanoemulsion formulation <br>3. Physicochemical characterization of formulations<br>4. Applications, current research and patent landscape of microemulsions and nanoemulsion<br>5. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic of developed NE/ME for AD <br>6. Conclusion and future perspectives <br>References<br><br>20. Targeted nanotechnology-based formulations<br>ANGELA CHINASA ANI, STEPHEN CHIJIOKE EMENCHETA, KOSARACHI JENNIFER ORAH, AMAN B. UPAGANLAWAR, BHUPENDRA GOPALBHAI PRAJAPATI, CHUKWUKA KANAYO ORANU AND CHUKWUEMEZUE PRAISES ONYEKWE<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Nanomaterials <br>3. Targeted nanotechnology-based formulations (TNbF) <br>4. Applications of targeted nanoformulations<br>5. Concerns in the design and application of nanoformulations <br>6. Clinical data<br>7. Prospects in the design of targeted nanoformulation<br>8. Conclusion<br>References<br><br>21. Drug delivery for Alzheimer’s disease using nanotechnology: Challenges and advancements<br>BINDIYA CHAUHAN, SHIVANI PATEL, BHUPENDRA GOPALBHAI PRAJAPATI AND SUDARSHAN SINGH<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Drug delivery strategies for Alzheimer diseases <br>3. Alzheimer’s disease clinical requirement and drug delivery challenges <br>4. Nanomedicine as future aspect in treatment of Alzheimer diseases <br>5. Nonmicellar based formulation <br>6. Dendrimers <br>7. Nanogels <br>8. Alzheimer diseases treatment with lipid-based nanoparticles <br>9. Metallic nanoparticles <br>10. Nanoparticulate-chelation-based Alzheimer diseases therapy <br>11. Nanomedicine theranostics formulations <br>12. Protein-coated nanoparticles <br>13. Antibody decorated nanoparticles <br>14. Novel biomarkers used in diagnosis of Alzheimer diseases <br>15. Conclusion and future perspective <br>References <br><br>22. Current trends and updates in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease<br>NISHA H. PARIKH, PALAK K. PARIKH, HETANSH J. RAO, KASHISH SHAH, BHAVARTH P. DAVE AND BHUPENDRA GOPALBHAI PRAJAPATI<br><br>1. Introduction<br>2. Pathophysiology and multifactorial nature of AD <br>3. Current treatment approaches for AD <br>4. Potential therapeutic strategies for AD <br>5. Conclusion and perspective <br>References <br><br>23. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of various novel formulations targeting Alzheimer’s disease<br>ASHWINI GAWADE, SATISH POLSHETTIWAR, HETAL HINGALAJIA, BHUPENDRA GOPALBHAI PRAJAPATI AND ADITYA SINGH<br><br>1. Introduction<br>2. Alzheimer’s disease<br>3. Currently available drug molecules for the management for AD<br>4. Treatments for AD in the CNS: Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics<br>5. Nanoparticle delivery system for the management of AD and their PK PD<br>6. Conclusion<br>References<br><br>24. Microbubbles-based drug delivery for antiAlzheimer’s drugs<br>MEENAKSHI PATEL, BHUPENDRA GOPALBHAI PRAJAPATI AND M.R. YADAV<br><br>1. Introduction<br>2. Ultrasound mediated microbubble therapy to overcome BBB for treating Alzheimer’s patients<br>3. Drug loaded lipid based microbubbles for AD<br>4. In vitro cell models of BBB for AD and microbubble-mediated drug delivery<br>5. Clinical trials of microbubble-based drug delivery for treatment of AD<br>6. Challenges and toxicity concerns of microbubble-based drug delivery for AD<br>7. Future aspects and conclusion<br>References<br><br>25. Neurotoxicity with the use of nanomaterials<br>SACHIN P. BORIKAR, SHIRISH P. JAIN, DEEPALI N. TAPRE, DEBARSHI KAR MAHAPATRA, ASAVARI V. MAHAJAN, DIPAK S. SONAWANE AND PRAKASH N. KENDRE<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Toxicity associated with nanomaterials <br>3. Brain as nanoparticles target <br>4. Properties of nanoparticles that influence toxicities <br>5. Mechanisms of neurotoxicity <br>6. Mitochondrial dysfunction due to nanoparticles <br>7. DNA damage due to nanoparticles <br>8. Endocrine dysfunction due to nanoparticles <br>9. Conclusion <br>References <br><br>26. Combinatorial therapy in Alzheimer’s disease<br>MAHENDRA GIRI, PRAKASH N. KENDRE, RASIKA BHALKE, VISHAL PANDE, KALYANI AUTADE AND RAJASHRI SUMBE<br><br>1. Introduction<br>2. Diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease <br>3. Combinatorial treatment strategies for Alzheimer’s disease<br>4. On-going clinical trialon AD <br>5. Summary <br>References <br><br>Index