Environmental Policy and Public Health

Figures and Table ix
<p>Foreword xv</p>
<p>Preface xix</p>
<p>The Author xxi</p>
<p>The Contributors xxiii</p>
<p>Chapter 1: The Clean Air Act and the National Environmental Policy Act 1</p>
<p>The Clean Air Act 2</p>
<p>National Ambient Air Quality Standards 7</p>
<p>State Implementation Plans 9</p>
<p>Hazardous Air Pollutants 11</p>
<p>New Source Performance Standards 12</p>
<p>Prevention of Significant Deterioration 12</p>
<p>Clean Air Interstate Quality Rule 13</p>
<p>The National Environmental Policy Act 13</p>
<p>Chapter 2: Particulate Matter 17</p>
<p>Characteristics and Deposition 18</p>
<p>Health Effects 21</p>
<p>Cardiovascular Disease and Particulate Matter 32</p>
<p>Particulate Matter and Public Policy 37</p>
<p>Chapter 3: Ozone 41</p>
<p>Health Effects 42</p>
<p>Nitrogen Oxides 54</p>
<p>Chapter 4: Sulfur Dioxide and Acid Rain 63</p>
<p>SO2 Health Effects 65</p>
<p>Health Policy: National Ambient Air Quality Standards 69</p>
<p>Acid Rain 69</p>
<p>Environmental Effects of Acid Rain and Deposition 73</p>
<p>Acid Rain and Environmental Policy 75</p>
<p>Chapter 5: Environmental Tobacco Smoke 81</p>
<p>The History of Smoking and Disease 82</p>
<p>Tobacco Smoke and Disease 84</p>
<p>Health Effects of Passive Smoking 89</p>
<p>Lung Cancer Epidemiology 91</p>
<p>Carcinogens in Cigarette Smoke 92</p>
<p>Smoking Cessation 94</p>
<p>Policy Controls on Tobacco and Cigarette Smoking 95</p>
<p>Global Smoking Today 97</p>
<p>Chapter 6: Children s Environmental Health: Mercury and Lead 101<br /> Leonardo Trasande</p>
<p>The Unique Vulnerability of Children 102</p>
<p>Mercury as a Case Study 104</p>
<p>Lead as a Case Study 106</p>
<p>Outdoor Air Pollution as a Case Study 107</p>
<p>The National Children s Study 108</p>
<p>Regulatory Policy and Children 109</p>
<p>Chapter 7: The Role of Community Advocacy Groups in Environmental Protection: Example of September 11, 2001 113<br /> Catherine McVay Hughes, Kimberly Flynn, Craig Hall, Joan Reibman</p>
<p>The Disaster 116</p>
<p>Chapter 8: The Medical Response to an Environmental Disaster: Lessons from the World Trade Center Attacks 137<br /> Caralee Caplan–Shaw, Angeliki Kazeros, Sam Parsia, Joan Reibman</p>
<p>Immediate Response to Environmental Exposure 139</p>
<p>Analysis of World Trade Center Dust 140</p>
<p>Role of the Medical Community in Identifying Adverse Health Effects in Diverse Populations 143</p>
<p>Local Residents, Workers, and Children 148</p>
<p>WTC Environmental Health Center 151</p>
<p>The WTC Health Registry 153</p>
<p>Lessons Learned 155</p>
<p>Chapter 9: Chlorofluorocarbons and the Development of the Ozone Hole 159</p>
<p>Chlorofluorocarbons 160</p>
<p>Ozone Layer 160</p>
<p>Field Measurements of Atmospheric Trace Species 167</p>
<p>Ozone Depletion and UV–B Radiation 170</p>
<p>Policy and the Montreal Protocol 172</p>
<p>Ozone Depletion and Climate Change 174</p>
<p>Medihaler Impediments to Controlling Ozone Depletion 175</p>
<p>Chapter 10: Global Warming Science and Consequences 179</p>
<p>Global Warming Basic Science: Greenhouse Gases 181</p>
<p>Environmental Consequences of Global Warming and Climate Change 186</p>
<p>Human Health Effects 197</p>
<p>Global Warming and the International Community 203</p>
<p>Chapter 11: National Green Energy Plan 205</p>
<p>Energy Efficiency 206</p>
<p>Oil 208</p>
<p>Natural Gas 216</p>
<p>Coal 218</p>
<p>Biofuels 223</p>
<p>Nuclear 227</p>
<p>Wind 230</p>
<p>Geothermal Energy and Hydropower 232</p>
<p>Biomass and Hut Lung 234</p>
<p>Solar 236</p>
<p>Chapter 12: Climate Change Policy Options 241</p>
<p>International Efforts to Prevent Climate Change 244</p>
<p>State, City, and Private Actions on Global Warming 247</p>
<p>U.S. Judiciary Branch and Climate Change 250</p>
<p>U.S. Executive Branch and Climate Change 252</p>
<p>Congress: The Climate Stewardship Act of 2003 Through the Climate Security Acts of 2008 and 2009 254</p>
<p>Economic Factors Surrounding Global Warming and Potential Solutions 260</p>
<p>Prospects for Climate Change Legislation Going Forward 262</p>
<p>Chapter 13: Environmental Policy and the Land: Wilderness Preservation 267<br /> William N. Rom, Kim Elliman</p>
<p>The History of Wilderness Protection 269</p>
<p>The History of Wilderness Protection Evolving from New York State s Leadership 275</p>
<p>Debates over Wilderness 283</p>
<p>Problems with Implementation of the Wilderness Act 287</p>
<p>Executive Orders for Wilderness Protection 289</p>
<p>Current Wilderness Legislation 292</p>
<p>The Land and Water Conservation Fund and the Forest Legacy Program 294</p>
<p>National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act 294</p>
<p>The Endangered Species Act 295</p>
<p>Chapter 14: Environmental Policy and Advocacy Groups: The Wilderness Society: A Case Study 299<br /> William H. Meadows</p>
<p>Federal Public Lands and Wilderness 300</p>
<p>Why Wilderness? 301</p>
<p>Political Framework 302</p>
<p>The Wilderness Society and Public Policy 304</p>
<p>Wilderness Future 313</p>
<p>Chapter 15: Alaska: America s Wilderness Frontier: A Case Study 319</p>
<p>Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 320</p>
<p>Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act: National Parks, Wildlife Refuges, and Wilderness 321</p>
<p>Oil Versus Wilderness on the ANWR 329</p>
<p>Chapter 16: The Clean Water Act and Water Ecosystems 337</p>
<p>The Clean Water Act 338</p>
<p>Safe Drinking Water Act 344</p>
<p>Water Ecosystems and Environmental and Public Health 348</p>
<p>Chapter 17: Toxic Chemicals in the Environment: Government Regulations and Public Health 355</p>
<p>Toxic Substances Control Act 356</p>
<p>Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund) 360</p>
<p>Notes 369</p>
<p>Index 407ii</p>