Biophysics Of The Skeletal Muscle Extracellular Potentials

One —Skeletal muscle fibre action potentials.- 1.1. First studies on action potentials.- 1.2. The contemporary membrane theory of action potentials.- 1.3. The contemporary membrane theory of excitation with respect to the action potentials of muscle fibres.- 1.4. The ionic channels.- Two — Relations between extracellular and intracellular potentials.- 2.1. Bioelectric sources and concomitant fields.- 2.2. Single cylindrical fibre. Exact solutions.- 2.3. Single cylindrical fibre. Approximate solutions.- 2.4. Discrete source approximation. The tripole model.- 2.5. Anisotropic volume conductor.- 2.6. Transmembrane (intracellular) waveshape.- Three — Dependence of the intracellular action potentials of skeletal muscle fibres on various factors.- 3.1. General characteristics of the intracellular action potentials of skeletal muscle fibres.- 3.2. Parameters of the intracellular action potentials in different types of skeletal muscle fibres and in different animal species.- 3.3. Influence of the morphological structure at the end of the muscle fibres on the propagation of the intracellular action potentials.- 3.4. Effects of various factors on the parameters of the intracellular action potentials.- 3.4.1. Blocking the contraction of the muscle fibres.- 3.4.2. Stretching of the muscle fibres.- 3.4.3. Long-lasting activity.- 3.4.4. Anoxy and the changes in pH.- 3.4.5. Short intervals between two excitations.- 3.4.6. Temperature changes.- 3.4.7. Partial block of the potassium current.- 3.4.8. Significance of the investigations of the parameters of the intracellular action potentials under the influence of various factors.- Four — Extracellular action potentials of skeletal muscle fibres.- 4.1. General characteristics.- 4.2. Influence of the finite length and of the morphology of the end on the extracellular action potentials.- 4.3. Influence of the origin of the excitation in the motor end-plates on the extracellular action potentials.- 4.4. Extracellular action potentials at different radial and axial distances.- 4.5. Extracellular potential field of active skeletal muscle fibres.- 4.6. Significance of the parameters of the space derivatives of the intracellular action. potentials to the parameters of the extracellular action potentials and the potential fields of skeletal muscle fibres.- 4.7. Vectorelectromyography of the potentials of single skeletal muscle fibres.- 4.8. Extracellular action potentials of single skeletal muscle fibres upon bipolar recording.- Five — Dependence of the extracellular action potentials of skeletal muscle fibres on various factors.- 5.1. Problems in the study of the extracellular action potentials of single skeletal muscle fibres.- 5.2. Stretching of the muscle fibre.- 5.3. Long-lasting activity.- 5.4. Ischaemia.- 5.5. Short intervals between two excitations.- 5.6. Temperature changes.- 5.7. Blocking of the ionic currents.- 5.8. Changes in the parameters of the volume &inductor.- 5.9. General conclusions regarding the changes in the intracellular and extracellular action potentials under the influence of different factors.- 5.10. Possibilities for utilizing the changes in the extracellular action potentials for evaluating the changes in the parameters of the volume conductor.- Six — Extraterritorial potentials of motor units.- 6.1. Methods of recording and basic properties of the extraterritorial potentials of motor units.- 6.2. Effective axial and radial distances of the electrode sites.- 6.3. Dependence of the extraterritorial potentials on the effective axial and radial distances.- 6.4. Velocity of propagation of the excitation in the motor units.- 6.5. Dependence of the extraterritorial potentials on the morphological characteristics of the motor units.- 6.6. Extraterritorial potential field of the motor units.- 6.7. Extraterritorial potentials beyond the territory of the motor units.- 6.8. Motor unit extraterritorial potentials upon bipolar recording.- 6.9. Extraterritorial potentials of high-threshold motor units.- 6.10. Motor unit extraterritorial potentials at long distances.- 6.11. Vectorelectromyographic images of the motor unit extraterritorial potentials.- Seven —Dependence of the motor unit extraterritorial potentials on various factors.- 7.1. Parameters of the motor unit extraterritorial potentials.- 7.2. Significance of the investigations of the motor unit extraterritorial potentials.- 7.3. Influence of the change in the length of the muscle fibres on the motor unit extraterritorial potentials.- 7.4. Motor unit extraterritorial potentials upon long-lasting activity.- 7.5. Influence of the disuse of the motor units on the extraterritorial potentials.- 7.6. Muscle ischaemia in relation to the motor unit extraterritorial potentials.- 7.7. Influence of the interimpulse interval on the motor unit extraterritorial potentials.- 7.8. Impact of muscle temperature on the motor unit extraterritorial potentials.- Eight —Motor unit intraterritorial potentials.- 8.1. Methods of recording and basic properties of the motor unit intraterritorial potentials.- 8.2. Motor unit intraterritorial potentials upon monopolar recording.- 8.3. Motor unit intraterritorial potentials upon bipolar recording.- 8.4. Dependence of the motor unit intraterritorial potentials on various factors.- Nine —Compound muscle potentials upon stimulation of the motor nerves and upon monosynaptic reflexes.- 9.1. Compound muscle potentials, recorded extraterritorially.- 9.2. Compound potentials from muscles of simple structure.- 9.3. Compound potentials from muscles of complex structure.- 9.4. Distinguishing between compound muscle potentials from near and distant muscles.- 9.5. Vectorelectromyographic images of the compound muscle potentials. Space parameters of the compound potentials.- 9.6. Dependence of the compound muscle potentials on the change in the muscle length and on the incline of the muscle fibres.- 9.7. Influence of the long-lasting activity on the compound muscle potentials.- 9.8. Influence of the interstimulus interval on the stimulation muscle potentials.- Ten —Averaged potentials of the interference electromyogram and their dependence on various factors.- 10.1. The interference electromyogram.- 10.2. General characteristics of the averaged potentials of the interference electromyogram.- 10.3. Averaged potentials of the interference electromyogram using different ways of triggering the averaging.- 10.4. Averaged potentials of the interference electromyogram recorded bipolarly and by branched electrodes.- 10.5. Influence of various factors on the averaged potentials of the interference electromyogram.- Conclusion.- References.