Schaum's Outline of French Grammar, Seventh Edition

Preface <br/> Contents <br/> CHAPTER 1 Nouns and Articles <br/> Gender and the Definite Article <br/> Singular Forms. <br/> Gender Identification by Word Endings <br/> Nouns Indicating Occupations, Nationalities, Relationships and Domestic Animals <br/> Words with Different Meanings in Masculine and Feminine Forms <br/> Plural Forms of Nouns <br/> Regular Plurals. <br/> Nouns Ending in -s, -x or -z. <br/> Nouns Ending in -au, -eau, -eu or -œu. <br/> Nouns Ending in -ou. <br/> Nouns Ending in -al. <br/> Nouns Ending in -ail. <br/> Irregular Plurals. <br/> Singular or Plural <br/> Compound Nouns <br/> Special Uses of the Definite Article <br/> With General or Abstract Nouns. <br/> With Titles. <br/> With Languages and Academic Subjects. <br/> With Days of the Week, Seasons, Dates and Time Expressions. <br/> With Names of Continents, Countries, Provinces, Regions, Islands, Mountains and Rivers. <br/> With Weights and Measures. <br/> With Parts of the Body or Clothing. <br/> Omission of the Definite Article <br/> Contractions of the Definite Article <br/> The Indefinite Article <br/> Omission of the Indefinite Article <br/> After the Verb être. <br/> Other Omissions of the Indefinite Article. <br/> The Partitive Article <br/> The Partitive Article Versus the Definite and Indefinite Articles <br/> Exceptions to the Rule for Using the Partitive Article <br/> When the Sentence is Negative. <br/> When an Adjective Precedes a Noun in the Plural. <br/> After Expressions of Quantity and Expressions with de. <br/> CHAPTER 2 Adjectives and Adverbs <br/> Formation of the Feminine of Adjectives <br/> Regular Forms. <br/> Adjectives Ending in a Vowel, Pronounced Consonant or Mute -e. <br/> Adjectives Ending in -el, -eil, -il, -en, -on, -et and -s. <br/> Adjectives Ending in -er. <br/> Adjectives Ending in -x. <br/> Adjectives Ending in -eur. <br/> Adjectives Ending in -f. <br/> Adjectives Ending in -c. <br/> Irregular Adjectives. <br/> The Adjectives beau, nouveau, vieux. <br/> Plural of Adjectives <br/> Regular Forms. <br/> Adjectives Ending in -s or -x. <br/> Adjectives Ending in -eu or -eau. <br/> Adjectives Ending in -al. <br/> Agreement Problems of Certain Adjectives <br/> Adjectives of Color. <br/> Compound Adjectives <br/> Position of Adjectives <br/> Adjectives That Change Meaning According to Position <br/> Formation of Adverbs <br/> Regular Forms. <br/> Adverbs Formed from Adjectives Ending in a Vowel. <br/> Adverbs Ending in -ément. <br/> Adverbs Ending in -amment and -emment. <br/> Irregular Adverbs. <br/> Position of Adverbs <br/> Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs <br/> Regular Comparisons. <br/> Comparative Followed by a Noun. <br/> Superlative of Adjectives and Adverbs <br/> Irregular Comparatives and Superlatives <br/> Adjectives without Comparative and Superlative Forms. <br/> Useful Phrases with Comparatives and Superlatives. <br/> Possessive Adjectives <br/> Use of the Definite Article as a Possessive. <br/> With on, personne, tout le monde. <br/> With chacun. <br/> Demonstrative Adjectives <br/> Indefinite Adjectives <br/> CHAPTER 3 Prepositions <br/> Uses of Certain Prepositions <br/> Prepositions to Indicate Location or Direction to or from a Place <br/> À, de, dans, en, chez. <br/> Prepositions with Geographical Names <br/> À. <br/> En. <br/> Au. <br/> Dans. <br/> De. <br/> Prepositions with Modes of Transportation <br/> Prepositions with Expressions of Time <br/> À, at. <br/> Dans, en, in. <br/> Avant, before and après, after. <br/> Prepositions Used to Join Two Nouns <br/> To Indicate Function or to Join a Noun that Modifies Another Noun. <br/> To Mean with. <br/> To Introduce the Material from Which an Object is Made. <br/> Prepositions of Cause <br/> Prepositions After Indefinite Pronouns <br/> Prepositions in Adverbial Clauses of Manner <br/> Prepositions to Introduce an Infinitive Depending on a Noun or Adjective <br/> To Indicate Function, Result or Tendency. <br/> After Expressions of Duration, Length of Time and Position of the Body. <br/> CHAPTER 4 Numbers, Dates, Time <br/> Numbers <br/> Cardinal Numbers. <br/> Ordinal Numbers. <br/> Collective Numbers. <br/> Fractions. <br/> Arithmetical Operations. <br/> Dimensions. <br/> Dates <br/> Time <br/> CHAPTER 5 Verbs <br/> Moods and Tenses <br/> Subject Personal Pronouns <br/> The Present Tense <br/> First Conjugation Verbs. <br/> Verbs Beginning with a Vowel. <br/> Verbs with Spelling Changes: <br/> Verbs ending in -cer and -ger; <br/> Verbs with -é- in the infinitive; <br/> Verbs with -e- in the infinitive; <br/> Verbs with -yer in the infinitive. <br/> Second Conjugation Verbs. <br/> Third Conjugation Verbs. <br/> Irregular Verbs: <br/> Verbs like ouvrir; <br/> Verbs like courir, rire, rompre, conclure; <br/> Battre and mettre; <br/> Verbs like partir; <br/> Vaincre; <br/> Verbs like connaître; <br/> Plaire and se taire. <br/> Verbs with Infinitives Ending in -ire: <br/> Lire, dire, conduire, traduire; <br/> Écrire, vivre, suivre; <br/> Croire, voir and mourir; <br/> Verbs like craindre, peindre, joindre; <br/> Verbs like prendre; <br/> Venir and tenir; <br/> Acquérir and conquérir; <br/> Pouvoir, vouloir, pleuvoir; <br/> Boire, devoir, recevoir; <br/> Avoir; <br/> Être; <br/> Aller; <br/> Faire; <br/> Savoir; <br/> Valoir and falloir. <br/> Special Uses of the Present Tense: <br/> Depuis, il y a ... que, voilà ... que, and ça fait ... que plus the present tense; <br/> Venir de plus the infinitive. <br/> Reflexive / Pronominal Verbs <br/> S’asseoir. <br/> Reflexive Verbs with Parts of the Body. <br/> Reflexive versus Nonreflexive Verbs. <br/> Reflexive Verbs in the Infinitive. <br/> Imperatives <br/> Affirmative Imperatives. <br/> The Affirmative Imperative of Reflexive Verbs. <br/> The Negative Imperative. <br/> The Negative Imperative of Reflexive Verbs. <br/> The Present Participle <br/> Formation. <br/> Use. <br/> The Imperfect Tense <br/> Regular Forms. <br/> Verbs with Spelling Changes. <br/> Être. <br/> Uses of the Imperfect Tense <br/> Continuing or Habitual Action. <br/> With Verbs Denoting Mental Activity or Conditions. <br/> Descriptions in the Past. <br/> Si and the Imperfect Tense. <br/> Depuis, il y avait... que, voilà... que, ça faisait... que and the Imperfect Tense. <br/> Venir de in the Imperfect Tense. <br/> The Conversational Past Tense (Passé Composé) of Verbs Conjugated with Avoir <br/> The Passé Composé of -er Verbs. <br/> The Passé Composé of -ir Verbs. <br/> The Passé Composé of -re Verbs. <br/> Irregular Past Participles: <br/> Past participle ending in -é; <br/> Past participle ending in -i, -is, -it; <br/> Past participle ending in -ait; <br/> Past participles ending in -u; <br/> Past participles ending in -ert; <br/> Past participle of verbs ending in -indre. <br/> Agreement of the Past Participle with Verbs Conjugated with avoir. <br/> The Passé Composé of Verbs Conjugated with Être <br/> Monter, descendre, sortir, entrer, rentrer with être and avoir in the Passé Composé. <br/> Passer with être and avoir in the Passé Composé. <br/> The Passé Composé of Reflexive Verbs. <br/> Agreement of the Past Participle with Reflexive Pronouns. <br/> Uses of the Passé Composé <br/> Present Perfect. <br/> Past Action. <br/> Differences between the Passé Composé and the Imperfect Tense: <br/> Specific action versus habitual or continuing action; <br/> With souvent, parfois, quelquefois; <br/> Specific action versus ongoing action; <br/> Events versus background; <br/> Verbs with different meanings in the imperfect and passé composé. <br/> The Literary Past Tense (Passé Simple) <br/> The Passé Simple of -er Verbs. <br/> The Passé Simple of -ir and -re Verbs. <br/> Irregular Verbs Building the Passé Simple upon the Past Participle: <br/> Verbs with past participles ending in -i; <br/> Verbs with past participles ending in -i plus a consonant; <br/> Verbs with past participles ending in -u. <br/> Irregular Verbs not Building the Passé Simple upon the Past Participle. <br/> The Future <br/> Aller with an Infinitive. <br/> Regular Forms of the Future Tense. <br/> Verbs Using the Third Person Singular Form of the Present Tense as the Future Stem: <br/> Verbs ending in -yer; <br/> Verbs with -e- in the infinitive. <br/> Verbs with Irregular Future Stems. <br/> Special Uses of the Future Tense: <br/> After certain conjunctions; <br/> After penser que, savoir que, espérer que, ne pas savoir si and in indirect discourse; <br/> To express probability. <br/> The Conditional <br/> Formation of the Present Conditional. <br/> Uses of the Conditional: <br/> To express the idea would; <br/> After certain conjunctions; <br/> To soften a request, command or desire; <br/> To express possibility or unsure action; <br/> In indirect discourse. <br/> Compound Tenses <br/> Pluperfect Tense (Plus-que-parfait). <br/> Future Perfect Tense (Futur Antérieur). <br/> Past Conditional (Passé du Conditionnel). <br/> The Past Anterior (Passé Antérieur) and the Passé Surcomposé. <br/> Si Clauses <br/> The Subjunctive Mood <br/> Present Subjunctive <br/> Regular Forms. <br/> Spelling Changes in the Present Subjunctive. <br/> Verbs with Internal Vowel Changes in the Present Subjunctive: <br/> Verbs with -é- in the infinitive; <br/> Verbs with -e- in the infinitive; <br/> Prendre, tenir, venir. <br/> Verbs with Variable Bases in the Present Subjunctive. <br/> Verbs with Irregular Bases in the Present Subjunctive. <br/> Uses of the Subjunctive: <br/> Subjunctive in noun clauses; <br/> Subjunctive with impersonal expressions that express opinion or emotions; <br/> Subjunctive with expressions of doubt; <br/> Subjunctive with subordinate conjunctions; <br/> Subjunctive as an imperative; <br/> Subjunctive after an affirmation. <br/> Subjunctive in relative clauses: <br/> Indefinite antecedent; <br/> After rien, personne, quelqu’un; <br/> With the superlative and seul, unique. <br/> Subjunctive after indefinite words such as si... que, quelque... que, quel... que, qui
que..., etc. <br/> Avoiding the Subjunctive. <br/> The Past Subjunctive <br/> The Imperfect Subjunctive <br/> Use of the Imperfect Subjunctive. <br/> The Pluperfect Subjunctive <br/> Use of the Pluperfect Subjunctive. <br/> Si Clauses in the Subjunctive <br/> Sequence of Tenses in Indirect Discourse <br/> Indirect Discourse in Sentences with an Interrogative Word. <br/> Interrogative Pronouns in Indirect Discourse. <br/> Inversion of the Subject in Indirect Discourse. <br/> Uses of the Infinitive <br/> After Prepositions. <br/> As a Noun. <br/> As an Imperative. <br/> In an Interrogative Phrase Expressing Deliberation. <br/> In an Exclamatory Phrase. <br/> Faire in Causative Construction. <br/> Laisser and Verbs of Perception plus the Infinitive. <br/> The Use of the Prepositions à and de before an Infinitive. <br/> Passive Voice <br/> Forms of the Passive Voice. <br/> True Passive with être. <br/> The Passive Voice with se. <br/> CHAPTER 6 Interrogative Words and Constructions <br/> Forming Questions <br/> Interrogative Forms by Inversion—Simple Tenses <br/> Interrogative Forms by Inversion—Compound Tenses <br/> Interrogative Adverbs and Adverbial Expressions <br/> Interrogative Pronouns <br/> Qu’est-ce que c’est? Qu’est-ce que? <br/> Interrogative Adjective Quel <br/> Interrogative Pronoun Lequel <br/> CHAPTER 7 Negative Words and Constructions <br/> Negation of Simple Tenses <br/> Negation of Compound Tenses <br/> The Negative Interrogative <br/> Si in Answer to a Negative Question <br/> Omission of Pas <br/> Negation of the Infinitive <br/> Negative Words and Phrases <br/> CHAPTER 8 Pronouns <br/> Subject Pronouns <br/> Direct Object Pronouns <br/> Le, la, l’, les. <br/> Special Use of the Pronoun le. <br/> Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns <br/> Me, te, nous, vous. <br/> Indirect Object Pronouns <br/> Lui, leur. <br/> The Pronoun Y <br/> The Pronoun En <br/> Double Object Pronouns <br/> Position of Object Pronouns <br/> With Conjugated Verbs. <br/> With an Infinitive. <br/> With Infinitive Constructions: Causative faire (faire faire), laisser and Verbs of Perception. <br/> With Affirmative Commands. <br/> Reflexive Pronouns <br/> Disjunctive Pronouns <br/> Possessive Pronouns <br/> Demonstrative Pronouns <br/> Indefinite Demonstrative Pronouns <br/> Ce, ceci, cela (ça). <br/> Relative Pronouns <br/> Qui who, which, that. <br/> Que whom, which, that. <br/> Ce qui and ce que. <br/> Relative Pronouns with Prepositions Other than de: Qui, lequel. <br/> Où. <br/> Relative Pronouns with the Preposition de: Dont, duquel. <br/> Quoi, ce dont. <br/> Indefinite Pronouns <br/> CHAPTER 9 Special Meanings of Certain Verbs <br/> Expressions with Aller <br/> Expressions with Avoir <br/> Expressions with Être <br/> Expressions with Faire <br/> Special Uses of Other Verbs <br/> Devoir, pouvoir, savoir, vouloir. <br/> Habiter, demeurer, vivre. <br/> Jouer, jouer à, jouer de. <br/> Manquer, manquer à, manquer de. <br/> Penser à, penser de. <br/> Partir, sortir, s’en aller, laisser, quitter. <br/> Passer, se passer, se passer de. <br/> Plaire. <br/> Se rappeler, se souvenir de. <br/> Servir, se servir de. <br/> Savoir versus connaître. <br/> Venir de. <br/> Answers to Exercises <br/> Verb Charts <br/> Index <br/> Companion Audio Recording