English Grammar: Language as Human Behavior

<p>PREFACE xiii</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Chapter 1 WHY STUDY ENGLISH GRAMMAR? 1</p> <p>Native Speakers and Grammar Study 1</p> <p>Standard English 2</p> <p>Judgments About English 4</p> <p>The Legacy of the Eighteenth Century 7</p> <p>Reflections 8</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p></p>Chapter 2 <p></p> <p>HOW DO WE STUDY</p> <p></p> <p>ENGLISH GRAMMAR? 10</p> <p></p>Why Do People Disagree About Grammar? 10 <p></p> <p>Who Is the Authority? 10</p><p>What Role Do Traditional Dictionaries Play? 10</p><p>Online Grammar Sources 12</p><p>Why Is There No One Standard? 13</p><p>Why Do Languages Change? 14</p> <p>What Are the Common Elements of English? 16</p> <p>Constituent Structure 16</p><p>Rules and Regularities 19</p> <p>Reflections 20</p> <p></p> &nbsp;<p></p><p></p>Chapter 3 NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES 21 <p></p> <p>What Are Nouns? 21</p> <p>What Are Some Common</p> <p>Subcategories of Nouns? 23</p> <p>What Makes Up a Noun Phrase? 26</p> <p>Determiners 27</p><p>Predeterminers and Postdeterminers 29</p> <p>What Are the Functions of Noun Phrases? 30</p> <p>Subject 30</p><p>Direct Object 32</p><p>Indirect Object 33</p><p>Object of a Preposition 35</p><p>Complement 35</p> <p>Verbal Nouns and Noun Phrases 36</p> <p>Compounds 38</p> <p>Reflections 40</p> <p>Practice Exercises 42</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p></p>Chapter 4 VERBS AND VERB PHRASES 46 <p></p> <p>What Are Verbs? 46</p> <p>What About the Exceptions? 50</p> <p>What Are Some Common</p> <p>Subcategories of Verbs? 53</p> <p>What Is Verb Tense? 57</p> <p>What Makes Up a Verb Phrase? 63</p> <p>What Are Nonfinite Verb Phrases? 66</p> <p>Compounds 66</p> <p>What Is SubjectVerb Agreement? 67</p> <p>Reflections 72</p> <p>Practice Exercises 76</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Chapter 5 PRONOUNS 80</p> <p>What Are Pronouns? 80</p> <p>Personal Pronouns 81</p> <p>Reflexive Pronouns 88</p> <p>Reciprocal Pronouns 91</p> <p>Demonstrative Pronouns 91</p> <p>Relative Pronouns 92</p> <p>Interrogative Pronouns 94</p> <p>Universal and Indefinite Pronouns 95</p> <p>Reflections 97</p> <p>Practice Exercises 99</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p></p>Chapter 6 ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 1 <p></p> <p>03What Are Adjectives? 103</p> <p>How Do Adjectives Modify Nouns? 106</p> <p>What Are Adjective Phrases? 108</p> <p>What Are Adverbs? 109</p> <p>Is All Well and Good? 112</p> <p>What Are Adverb Phrases? 115</p> <p>Reflections 116</p> <p>Practice Exercises 117</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p></p>Chapter 7 PREPOSITIONS AND PARTICLES 120 <p></p> <p>What Are Prepositions? 120</p> <p>What Are Prepositional Phrases? 121</p> <p>What Are Particles? 125</p> <p>Reflections 127</p> <p>Practice Exercises 128</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p></p>Chapter 8 NEGATION 131 <p></p> <p>What Is Negation in Grammar? 131</p> <p>Verb Negation 131</p> <p>Negation of Indefinites 133</p> <p>Noun Negation 135</p> <p>Adjective and Adverb Negation 136</p> <p>Negation of Compounds 137</p> <p>Reflections 139</p> <p>Practice Exercises 140</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p></p>Chapter 9 VOICE 144 <p></p> <p>What Is Grammatical Voice? 144</p> <p>How Is the Passive Voice Formed? 146</p> <p>How Are Grammatical Relations</p> <p>Determined in the Passive Voice? 147</p> <p>Why Do We Need the Passive Voice? 149</p> <p>What Is a Truncated Passive? 150</p> <p>Reflections 152</p> <p>Practice Exercises 153</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p></p>Chapter 10 DISCOURSE FUNCTION 156 <p></p> <p>What Is Discourse Function? 156</p> <p>Declaratives 157</p> <p>Interrogatives 158</p> <p>YesNo Questions 158</p><p>Wh Questions 160</p><p>Tag Questions 164</p><p></p>Minor Question Types 167 <p></p> <p>Imperatives 169</p> <p>Exclamatives 170</p> <p>Crossover Functions of Clause Types 171</p> <p>Reflections 174</p> <p>Practice Exercises 175</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p></p>Chapter 11 COMBINING CLAUSES INTO<p></p><p>SENTENCES: COORDINATION 179</p><p></p>How Is a Sentence Different from a Clause? 179 <p></p> <p>Sentence Building Through Coordination 179</p> <p>Clause Coordination and Ellipsis 183</p> <p>Reflections 185</p> <p>Practic</p>