Behavioral Approaches to Crime and Delinquency

I. Introduction.- 1. Behavioral Approaches to Crime and Delinquency.- Criminal and Delinquent Behavior.- Predatory Crime and This Text.- The Correlates of Crime and This Text.- Behavioral Approaches in General.- Assumptions and Principles.- Behavioral Procedures.- Preliminary Observations on Behavioral Approaches to Crime and Delinquency.- Behavioral Interventions: Limitations and Merit.- Reinforcing and Humane Relationships.- Misconceptions and Conceptions.- Individualized Treatment.- Social Systems.- An Overview of the Parts and Chapters.- I: Introduction.- II: Behavioral Applications in Adult and Juvenile Corrections.- III: Prevention and Intervention in Community Settings.- IV: Special Topics in Intervention and Evaluation.- V: Alternative Theoretical Conceptualizations.- VI: Professional Issues in Behavioral Applications.- Concluding Comments.- References.- 2. The Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis for Crime and Delinquency.- The Applied Dimension.- Social Validity.- Levels of Behavior Analysis.- The Behavioral Dimension.- Behavioral Assessment: Validity.- Behavioral Assessment: Measurement Reliability.- The Technological Dimension.- The Analytic Dimension.- Research Designs.- Analytic Criteria.- The Effectiveness Dimension.- The Social Importance of Behavioral Effects.- The Generality Dimension.- Reactive Strategies.- Proactive Strategies.- The Conceptual System Dimension.- Replication and Dissemination.- Conclusion: A Systems Perspective.- References.- 3. An Introduction to Contemporary Behaviorism: History, Concepts, and a System of Analysis.- A Matter of Terminology.- Historical and Philosophical Background.- Classical Greek Philosophy.- Modern Philosophy.- Psychological Science.- Darwin, Natural Selection, and Animal Behavior.- Classical Behaviorism and Beyond.- Conclusion.- A Conceptual System of Analysis.- The Person.- The Environment.- The Historical Context.- The Current Context.- Concluding Comments.- References.- II. Behavioral Applications in Adult and Juvenile Corrections.- 4. Probation and Parole.- Historical Precedents.- History of Probation.- History of Parole.- Effectiveness and Current Status of Probation and Parole.- Probation.- Parole.- Behavioral Approaches to Probation and Parole.- Probation.- Parole.- Methodological Issues.- Evaluation of Separate Treatment Components.- Development of Multimethod Outcome Measurement.- Increased Attention to Generalization and Maintenance.- Expansion of Targets.- Future Developments.- References.- 5. Behaviorally Based Group Homes for Juvenile Offenders.- Group Homes for Delinquents.- Teaching-Family Group Homes.- Conceptualization Underlying the Treatment Model.- Basic Organization and Staffing.- Treatment Procedures.- Staff-Training and Quality-Control Procedures.- Dissemination and the National Association.- Outcome Evaluations.- Conclusion.- References.- 6. Basic Behavioral Procedures in Closed Institutions.- Analysis of Naturally Occurring Contingencies.- Comments.- Positive Reinforcement Procedures.- Comments.- Negative Reinforcement Procedures.- Comments.- Punishment Procedures.- Comments.- Time-Out and Response Cost Procedures.- Time-Out.- Response Cost.- Comments.- Extinction, Differential Reinforcement, and Generalization Training.- Extinction.- Differential Reinforcement.- Generalization Training.- Comments.- Social Skills Training.- Comments.- Discussion.- Selecting Goals for Institutional Programs.- Undesirable Side Effects of Behavioral Procedures.- References.- 7. Token Economy Programs in Closed Institutions.- Token Economies with Juvenile Delinquents.- Token Economies with Adult Offenders.- Inmate Receptivity to Token Economies.- Outcome Studies.- Comments.- Discussion.- Barriers to the Operation of Behavioral Programs.- Acceptability of Behavioral Programs.- References.- III. Prevention and Intervention in Community Settings.- 8. Law Enforcement and Crime Prevention.- Police Crime Prevention and Behavior Analysis.- Police Patrol and Crime Prevention.- Police Investigation, Apprehension, and Prosecution.- Citizen Crime Prevention Programs.- Overview of Major CCP Programs.- Behavioral Community Psychology and Citizen Crime Prevention.- Summary.- References.- 9. Diversion and Neighborhood Delinquency Programs in Open Settings: A Social Network Interpretation.- Diversion.- Neighborhood Intervention.- Activities in High-Delinquency Areas.- Services to Referred Youths.- A Social Network Interpretation.- Results of Diversion and Neighborhood Programs.- Association between Delinquency and Contact with Delinquent Peers.- Implications.- Summary.- References.- 10. Family-Based Interventions for Crime and Delinquency.- Descriptive Overview of the Family System.- Juvenile Delinquency: Intervention and Prevention.- Focused Approaches to Treatment of Specific Problems.- Broad-Band Approaches Targeting the Delinquent’s Family.- Crimes of Abuse and Neglect within the Family.- Spouse Abuse.- Child Abuse.- Neglect.- Sexual Abuse of Children.- Ecological or Integrative/Combined Approaches.- References.- 11. School Programs for Delinquency Prevention and Intervention.- The Relationship between School and Delinquency.- History of Special Education Services.- Special Education at the Secondary-School Level.- Traditional School Approaches for Behaviorally Disordered Youth.- Early Behavioral Interventions in the School Setting.- Behavioral Interventions for School-Related Problems of Delinquents.- Current Behavioral School-Related Trends with Delinquents.- Delinquency: A Behavioral Perspective.- School-Based Delinquency Prevention/Intervention Programs.- Stemmers Run Junior High.- Preparation through Responsive Educational Programs.- Family and School Consultation Project.- Preventive Intervention.- Environmental Intervention.- Summary.- Conclusions.- References.- IV. Special Topics in Intervention and Evaluation.- 12. Criminal Justice Interventions with Drug and Alcohol Abusers: The Role of Compulsory Treatment.- Substance Abuse and Crime.- Behavioral Overview of Drug and Alcohol Abuse.- Substance Abuse and Crime Associations.- Criminal Justice Interventions.- Supply Restriction.- Incarceration.- Community Supervision.- Compulsory Drug Abuse Treatment.- Community Supervision versus Compulsory Treatment.- Compulsory Alcoholism Treatment.- Factors Influencing Treatment Outcomes.- Treatment Efficacy.- Client Characteristics.- Contingencies Maintaining Participation.- Concurrent Legal Sanctions.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 13. The Behavioral Treatment of Rapists and Child Molesters.- The Setting.- Historical Development.- The Program.- Laboratory Assessment of Sexual Arousal.- Problem Identification.- Heterosocial Skills Training.- Sex Education Program.- Modification of Inappropriate Arousal.- Problems.- Conclusions.- References.- 14. Some Behavioral Applications with Juvenile Offenders outside North America.- Applications of the Behavioral Model in the United Kingdom.- Gilbey House.- Unit 1, Orchard Lodge.- Other Institutional Programs in the United Kingdom.- Applications in the Community in the United Kingdom.- Social Skills Training with Delinquents in the United Kingdom.- Other European Programs.- Initiatives Worldwide.- General Discussion.- References.- 15. Behavioral Approaches with Juvenile Offenders: A Meta-Analysis of Long-Term Treatment Efficacy.- Historical Context.- Theoretical Context.- Microlevel Variables.- Macrolevel Variables.- The Advent of Behavioral Approaches to Juvenile Delinquency.- Status of Behavioral Approaches: The Need for a Meta-Analysis.- Highlights of the Review.- Domains Covered.- Coding Methods for the Meta-Analysis.- Results of the Meta-Analysis.- Descriptive Findings.- Effectiveness Results.- Discussion.- References.- 16. Program Evaluation in Crime and Delinquency.- The Language and Conventions of Program Evaluation.- Some Persisting Misconceptions.- Applied Behavior Analysis and Correctional Program Evaluation.- Choice Points in Correctional Program Evaluation.- Conception of the Intervention Program.- The Evaluators and Their Questions.- Evaluation Methods: Design and Measurement Choices.- Dissemination of Correctional Evaluation Results.- Summary.- References.- V. Alternative Theoretical, Conceptualizations.- 17. A Sociological Theory of Crime and Delinquency: Social Learning Theory.- Development and Statement of Social Learning Theory.- Differential Association Theory.- Sociological Social Learning Theory and Criminal Behavior.- Social Learning and Other Theories of Deviance.- Logical and Substantive Adequacy.- Research on Social Learning Variables.- Research Testing Social Learning Theory.- Future Directions.- References.- 18. Cognitive-Behavioral Theory and Interventions for Crime and Delinquency.- The Convergence of Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies.- Cognitive-Behavioral Theory and the Development of Antisocial Behavior.- The Acquisition of Social Behavior.- Social Learning Theory and Aggression.- Locus of Control, an Attributional Theory.- Interventions: Adaptive Personal Mediational Processes, Skill Development, and Cognitions.- Self-Control and Self-Instruction.- Stress Innoculation and Anger Control.- Perspective Taking.- Interpersonal Problem-Solving Skills.- Interpersonal Cognitive Problem-Solving Intervention Programs.- Conclusions.- References.- 19. Neurobormonal Bases of Varying Tendencies to Learn Delinquent and Criminal Behavior.- Distinguishing Victimful and Victimless Delinquency and Criminality.- Universal Correlates of Delinquency and Criminality.- Universal Demographic Correlates.- Universal Personality-Behavioral Correlates.- Neurologically Specific Explanations of Delinquent and Criminal Behavior.- Arousal Theory.- Seizuring Theory.- Hemispheric Functioning Theory.- Subsuming the Three Theories under a Neuroandrogenic Theory.- Reconsidering the Universal Correlates of Delinquency and Criminality.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- VI. Professional Issues in Behavioral Applications.- 20. Psychologists in Adult Correctional Institutions: Getting Off the Treadmill.- The Basis For Psychological Intervention in Corrections.- The Institutional Environment.- Work Settings.- Legal Issues.- Roles and Functions.- Psychological Applications: Direct and Indirect.- Assessment and Classification.- Treatment.- Staff Training.- Conclusion.- References.- 21. Legal and Ethical Issues in the Behavioral Treatment of Juvenile and Adult Offenders.- Ethical Issues.- Balancing the Enforcement of Legal Conduct and the Protection of Offender Rights.- Providing Information and Obtaining Consent.- Confidentiality, Privacy, and Privileged Communications.- Exceptions to Confidential and Privileged Communications.- Ethical Issues in Conducting Research with Offenders.- Legal Issues.- Placement.- Providing Appropriate Treatment.- Basic Rights.- Motivational Systems.- Employing Aversive Techniques.- Right to Refuse Treatment.- Involuntary Servitude.- Search and Seizure.- Providing Adequate Supervision and Trained Staff.- Releasing Appropriately.- Duty to Warn Third Parties.- Protective Mechanisms: Human Rights and Review Committees.- Conclusion.- References.- 22. Social and Political Challenges to Behavioral Programs with Delinquents and Criminals.- Therapeutic versus Social/Political Contingencies.- The Training School Contingency.- The Diversion Contingency.- The Intensive Supervision Contingency.- The Funding Contingency.- Barriers to the Modification of Social/Political Contingencies and Recommendations for Change.- Conclusion.- References.- Author Index.