Perspectives in Interactional Psychology

Overview of the Internal-External Issue.- 1. Developmental Psychology.- 2. Personality-Social Psychology.- 3. Genetic Psychology.- 4. Perception and Cognition.- 5. Educational Psychology.- 6. Clinical Psychology.- 7. Issues within an Interactional Perspective.- 7.1. Meaning of the Term “Interaction”.- 7.2. Units of Analysis and Analysis of Relationships.- 7.3. Nature of the Observations and a Time-Process Perspective t1.- Dialectics, Transaction, and Piaget’s Theory.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Interaction and Transaction.- 2.1. Remembering and Communicating.- 2.2. Comparison of Models.- 2.3. Models of Transactional Processes.- 3. Dialectical Model of Development.- 3.1. Dialogues.- 3.2. Negotiated Development.- 4. Piaget’s Developmental Theory.- 4.1. Causes and Conditions.- 4.2. Dialectical Extensions.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- Situational Analysis and the Study of Behavioral Development.- 1. The Nature of the Stimulus.- 2. Toward a Taxonomy of Situations.- 3. Situation Analysis in Mother-Infant Interaction.- 3.1. Individual Differences.- 4. Other Situational Analyses in Parent-Child Interaction.- References.- Theoretical Approaches to the Analysis of Individual-Environment Interaction.- 1. Murray’s Need-Press Model.- 2. Cognitive, Informational Approaches to Organism-Environment Interaction.- 3. Behavioral and Social Learning Models of Individual-Environment Interaction.- 4. General Systems Theory.- 5. Overview and Summary.- References.- Predicting Prosocial Behavior: A Model for Specifying the Nature of Personality-Situation Interaction.- 1. Personal Goals and the Activating Potential of Situations.- 2. Goal Conflict and the Measurement of Goals and Activation Potentials.- 3. Other Important Personality Characteristics.- 4. Supporting Research.- 5. Concluding Commentss.- References.- Altruism and Human Kindness: Internal and External Determinants of Helping Behavior.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Internal versus External Determinants of Helping.- 2.1. Internal Determinants.- 2.2. External Determinants.- 3. Factors Leading to Renewed Interest in Internal Determinants.- 4. Emotional Arousal as an Internal Determinant of Helping.- 4.1. Aversive Arousal as an Egoistic Motivator.- 4.2. Empathic Emotion as an Altruistic Motivator.- 5. Situational Constraints on Altruistic Motivation: Integrating Internal and External Determinants of Helping.- 6. Summary and Conclusion.- References.- Person by Treatment Interactions in Personality Research.- 1. The Issue of Internal versus External Determinants of Behavior.- 1.1. Persons as Sources t21143.- 2.1. The Interaction of Independent Variables-Structure.- 2.2. The Interaction of Independent and Dependent Variables-Process.- 3. Illustrations of Interactions.- 3.1. Mechanistic Models.- 3.2. Dynamic Models.- 4. Person by Situation Interactions in Anxiety.- 4.1. A Multidimensional Model for Person by Situation Interaction for Anxiety.- 4.2. The Multidimensionality of A-State.- 4.3. Summary.- 5. Person by Situation Interactions in Locus of Control.- 5.1. I-E and Situation Interaction Studies.- 5.2. Interactions and Multidimensional Models of I-E.- 5.3. Summary.- 6. Person by Situation Interaction in Conformity.- 6.1. Person by Situation Interaction Studies.- 6.2. Summary.- 7. Looking toward the Future.- 7.1. Goals of Science.- 7.2. A Research Program for Studying Interactions.- 8. Summary.- References.- Behavior Genetics from an Interactional Point of View.- 1. Some Definitions.- 2. Current Approaches to GE Interaction.- 2.1. Medical Models.- 2.2. Biometrical Models.- 3. A Conceptualization of Genotype-Environment Interactions.- 3.1. Developmental Canalization.- 3.2. Genotype-Environment Interaction.- 4. Specification of Genotype.- 5. Specification of Environments.- 6. GE Interaction: An Empirical Question.- Rerefences.- External Stimuli and the Development and Organization of Behavior.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Behavioral Development.- 2.1. Sensory Influences in Prenatal Behavioral Development among Birds.- 2.2. Suckling Development and the Role of Sensory Stimuli.- 3. Organization of Reproductive Behavior.- 3.1. Organization of Reproductive Cycles and Behavior.- 3.2. Reproductive Behavior in the Rat>.- 4. Summary and Overview>.- References.- Aptitude-Treatment Interactions in Educational Research.- 1. Definitions.- 1.1. Aptitude.- 1.2. Treatment.- 1.3. Aptitude x Treatment Interaction (ATI).- 2. ATI Hypotheses and Example Studies.- 2.1. An Ability Complex.- 2.2. An Ability-Anxiety-Motivation Complex.- 2.3. The Question of Cognitive Style.- 2.4. Learning in Individual and Small Group Settings.- 3. A Theoretical and Methodological Projection.- 3.1. Construct Validity of Aptitudes.- 3.2. Capitalization and Compensation.- References.- Internal and External Determinants of Behavior in Psychodynamic Theories.- 1. Introduction t1.- 3. Wishes as Cause and Effect.- 4. Perspectives on Personality Development.- 4.1. The Role of “Accomplices” in Development.- 5. Transference and Schemata.- 6. Ties to “Early Objects”.- 7. Therapeutic Implications.- 8. The Relation between Psychoanalysis and Other Approaches.- References.- Stress-Related Transactions between Person and Environment.- 1. Transaction and Interaction.- 1.1. The Transactional Perspective—Pure Description of Process.- 1.2. The Interactional Perspective—The Search for Determinants.- 2. The Concept of Stress.- 3. Early Theoretical Research Efforts of the Lazarus Group.- 3.1. Research on Cognitive Appraisal and Intrapsychic Coping.- 3.2. Limitations of the Laboratory.- 4. Current Transactional Formulations.- 4.1. Cognitive Appraisal Processes.- 4.2. Coping Processes.- 5. Concluding Summary.- References.