Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry

1 NMR Studies of Electrolyte Solutions.- I. Introduction.- II. Theoretical and Experimental Background of a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Experiment in Liquid Systems.- 1. Chemical Shift.- 2. Relaxation Times.- 3. Frequency Distribution of the Molecular Motions.- 4. Analytical Expressions for the Time Autocorrelation Function K(?).- 5. Relaxation Mechanisms.- 6. Experimental Methods.- III. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Liquid Water.- 1. Chemical Shift.- 2. Relaxation-Time Measurements.- IV. Electrolyte Solutions.- 1. Chemical Shift.- 2. Magnetic Relaxation Behavior of Diamagnetic Electrolyte Solutions.- 3. Paramagnetic Electrolyte Solutions.- V. Relation between NMR and Thermodynamic Behavior.- References.- 2 Surface Analysis by Electron Spectroscopy.- I. Introduction.- II. Surface Analysis.- III. Principles of Electron Spectroscopy.- 1. Electron Emission Processes.- 2. XPS and Auger Energies.- 3. Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS).- 4. Appearance Potential Spectroscopy (APS).- 5. Ion-Neutralization Spectroscopy (INS).- IV. Electron Energy Analysis.- 1. Requirements of the Analyzer.- 2. Retarding-Field Analyzers.- 3. Improved Retarding-Field Analyzers.- 4. Deflection Analyzers.- V. The Interpretation of Spectra.- 1. Identification of Elements.- 2. Escape Depth of Electrons.- 3. Quantitative Surface Analysis.- 4. Chemical Shifts.- 5. Comparison of XPS and AES Chemical Shifts.- VI. Experimental Conditions for Surface Analysis.- 1. Vacuum Requirements and Sample Preparation.- 2. Effects of the Incident Beam.- VII. Applications.- 1. Comments on Experimental Standards.- 2. Electronic Structure of Solid Surfaces.- 3. Surface Analysis of Metals and Alloys.- 4. Surface Analysis of Semiconductors.- 5. Catalysts.- 6. Miscellaneous Materials.- 7. Trace Analysis.- VIII. Conclusions.- References.- 3 Adsorption of Organic Species on Platinum Metal Electrodes.- I. Introduction.- II. Comparison of Techniques for Coverage Determination.- 1. Coverage from Anodic Pulses.- 2. Hydrogen Codeposition.- 3. Radiometric Measurements.- 4. Optical Techniques.- III. Nature of O-Type Species Formed from Simple Fuels.- 1. Coulometric Studies.- 2. Simultaneous Determination of Anodic Charge and Amount of Carbon Dioxide.- 3. Simultaneous Measurement of Anodic Charge and Radiometric Intensity.- 4. Usefulness of Kinetic Parameters in the Comparison of O-Type Species.- 5. Effect of O-Type Species on Other Reactions.- 6. Comparison of Surface Properties in Different Studies.- IV. Species Formed from Fuels with Several Carbon Atoms.- 1. General Considerations.- 2. Non-Desorbable Species.- 3. Desorbable Species.- 4. Conversions between Different-Type Species.- V. Potential Dependence of Adsorbed Species.- 1. Mechanisms for the Establishment of the Coverage at a Given Potential.- 2. Adsorption Mechanism for Non-Desorbable Species.- 3. Adsorption Mechanism for Desorbable Species.- 4. Kinetics of Adsorption and Desorption.- VI. Role of Adsorbed Species in the Oxidation of Organic Fuels.- 1. Oxidation of Simple Fuels.- 2. Oxidation of Fuels with More than One Carbon Atom.- References.- 4 Electrochemistry of Sulfide Minerals.- I. Introduction.- II. Synthesis.- III. Structure.- IV. Semiconductor Properties.- V. Rest Potentials.- VI. Mechanisms of Sulfide Reactions.- 1. Copper Sulfides.- 2. Lead Sulfide.- 3. Zinc Sulfide.- 4. Iron Sulfides.- VII. Electrometallurgy of Sulfides.- VIII. Flotation.- IX. Conclusions.- References.- 5 Electrochemistry and the Hydrogen Economy.- I. Introduction.- II. A General Outline of “The Hydrogen Economy”.- III. Fossil-Fuel Crisis.- IV. Choices of Synthetic Fuels.- V. Future Patterns of Energy Production.- VI. Production of Hydrogen by Electrolysis.- VII. Design Optimization for Electrolyzers.- VIII. Criteria for Evaluating Electrolyzer Cells.- IX. Types of Electrolyzer Designs.- X. Advanced Electrolyzer Designs.- XI. Production of Hydrogen from Coal.- XII. Production of Hydrogen from Nuclear Heat.- XIII. Transmission of Hydrogen.- XIV. End Use of Hydrogen.- XV. Conclusions.- References.- 6 Electrochemical Mechanisms and the Control of Biological Growth Processes.- I. Introduction.- II. Cells and Their Electrochemical Environment.- III. Regenerative Growth and Electrochemical Mechanisms.- IV. Electrochemical Mechanisms and Bone Growth.- V. Bioelectrochemical Modeling.- VI. Electrochemical Information Transfer.- VII. The Future of Bioelectrochemistry.- References.- 7 Power Sources for Electric Vehicles.- I. Introduction.- II. Discussion of Automotive Battery Systems.- 1. Criteria for Vehicles and Power Sources.- 2. The Lead-Acid Battery.- 3. Fuel Cells (and Hybrids).- 4. What’s New with Batteries (1971–1973).- III. Efforts Outside the USA.- 1. Electric Vehicles in England.- 2. Electric Vehicles in Japan.- 3. Electric Vehicles in Germany.- 4. Electric Vehicles in France.- 5. Electric Vehicles in Other Countries.- IV. Conclusions.- 1. Outlook for Electric Vehicle R&D in the USA.- 2. The Technology to Make Such a Vehicle Exists.- References.