The American Prison

1. Introduction: Issues in Correctional Research and Policy.- 1. The Prison as a Rational Organization.- 2. Prisons, Politics, and Demographics.- 3. The Private Sector and the Prison.- 4. The Prison and the Prisoner.- 5. The Prison as a System.- 6. The Future of Correctional Research.- I. Corrections as a System: Contemporary Issues.- 2. American Prisons in a Time of Crisis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Growth in Prison Population.- 2.1. Prison as Correction.- 2.2. The Demise of Rehabilitation.- 2.3. The Rise in the Call for Punishment.- 3. The Demographic Shift.- 4. Prospects for the Future.- 4.1. Continued Politicization.- 4.2. Demographic Prospects.- 5. Summary.- 6. References.- 3. The Effectiveness of Correctional Rehabilitation: Reconsidering the “Nothing Works” Debate.- 1. The “Nothing Works” Debate.- 1.1. The Martinson Phenomenon.- 1.2. The “Nothing Works” Doctrine in Context.- 1.3. Nothing Works? A Time for Reassessment.- 2. Effective Correctional Treatment: Prospects and Principles.- 2.1. Principles of Effective Correctional Intervention.- 2.2. Recent Research: Further Reason for Optimism.- 3. The Tenacity of Rehabilitative Ideology.- 4. Conclusion.- 5. References.- 4. Proprietary Prisons.- 1. The Recent Interest in Privatization.- 2. The Early Contracts.- 3. Private Prison Issues: Pros and Cons.- 4. The Propriety of Proprietary Prisons.- 5. Public and Private Prison Costs.- 5.1. The “Hidden Costs” of Corrections.- 5.2. Hamilton County: A Relatively Complete Cost Analysis.- 6. Summary and Conclusion.- 7. References.- II. Legal Issues in Contemporary Corrections.- 5. American Prisoners and the Right of Access to the Courts: A Vanishing Concept of Protection.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Prison Policies and Practices Affecting the Right of Access to the Courts.- 2.1. U.S. Supreme Court Decisions.- 2.2. Prison Legal Assistance Programs and Their Impact.- 3. Procedural and Jurisdictional Obstacles to Inmate Access.- 3.1. Section 1983 of the Civil Rights Act of 1871.- 3.2. Monroe v. Pape (1961) and Its Progeny.- 3.3. From Parratt (1981) to Daniels—Davidson (1986).- 4. Implications for Research on the Courts and Corrections.- 5. References.- 6. Cases.- 6. Gender and Justice: The Equal Protection Issue.- 1. Overview.- 2. Origins of the Problem.- 2.1. Women in Custodial Prisons.- 2.2. Women in Reformatory Prisons.- 2.3. Convergence of the Two Models.- 3. Numbers and “Nature”: Sources of Sex Discrimination Today.- 4. Legal Challenges.- 4.1. Jail Cases.- 4.2. State Prison Cases.- 4.3. The Limits and Potential of Litigation.- 5. Avoiding the Inevitable: Ways to Alleviate the Problem.- 5.1. Pooling Resources.- 5.2. Utilizing Community Resources.- 5.3. Architectural Innovations.- 5.4. Greater Use of Nonincarcerative Sanctions.- 6. References.- 7. Cases Cited.- 7. Criminal Sentencing Reform: Legacy for the Correctional System.- 1. Early Sentencing Reforms.- 2. Sentencing Reform in the 1980s.- 3. The Correctional Legacy of Sentencing Reform.- 3.1. Legislative Determinate Sentencing Systems.- 3.2. Sentencing Guidelines Reforms.- 4. Current Sentencing Reform Efforts.- 4.1. Current Concerns for Sentencing Reform.- 4.2. Characteristics of Current Reforms.- 5. Future Sentencing Structures.- 6. References.- III. Managing the Prison.- 8. Prison Labor and Industry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Many Faces of Prison Work: Three Conceptual Models.- 2.1. Implications of Multiple Goals.- 3. Historical Development of Inmate Labor Systems.- 4. Models of Prison Labor Organization.- 5. The Decline and Resurgence of Prison Work.- 6. A Contemporary Portrait.- 6.1. Institutional Maintenance/Service Tasks.- 6.2. Prison Industry.- 7. Toward More Effective Prison Labor: Empirical and Policy Issues.- 7.1. What Is the Goal of Prison Labor?.- 7.2. Can Prison Business Run Like a Business?.- 7.3. Does It Make a Difference?.- 8. Conclusion: The New Penology, or More of the Same?.- 9. References.- 9. Prison Classification: The Management and Psychological Perspectives.- 1. Introduction.- 2. A Historical Perspective.- 2.1. The Medical Model and an Emphasis on Psychology.- 2.2. A Theoretical Revolution in Corrections.- 2.3. Diversity in Classification.- 3. The Management Perspective.- 3.1. The Process.- 3.2. Use of Objective Systems.- 3.3. Custody and Security Decisions.- 3.4. Needs Assessment.- 4. The Psychological Perspective.- 4.1. Developmental Models.- 4.2. Problem-Area Models.- 5. A Comparison.- 6. References.- 10. Prison Guards as Agents of Social Control.- 1. Working in an Environment of Uncertainty and Dependency.- 2. The Formal Structure of Social Control.- 2.1. Challenges to the Traditional Structure of Control.- 2.2. Loss of Control and the Bases of Power.- 3. The Informal Structure of Social Control.- 3.1. Repression as a Means of Informal Control.- 3.2. Accommodation as a Means of Informal Control.- 4. Job Satisfaction, Service Delivery, and Social Control.- 4.1. Service Delivery as Job Enrichment and Control Enhancement.- 4.2. Service Delivery and Role Ambiguity.- 5. Conclusion.- 6. References.- IV. Living in Prison.- 11. Noncoping and Maladaptation in Confinement.- 1. The Multiproblem Inmate.- 2. Responding to the Noncoping Inmate.- 3. Disciplinary Responses to Eccentric Violations.- 4. Supplementing Disciplinary Responses.- 5. Improving Coping Skills: The Ethical Dilemma.- 6. A Regenerative Approach to the Chronic Offender.- 7. Obstacles and Resources.- 8. References.- 12. Inmate Adjustment to Prison.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Models of Prisoner Adjustment.- 3. Research on Prisoner Subcultures: The Deprivation Model.- 3.1. Prisonization and the Inmate Counterculture.- 3.2. Institutional Dependency.- 3.3. Deprivation Effects on Postrelease Outcome.- 4. The Importation Model: A Counterpoint to Deprivation.- 4.1. Empirical Tests of the Importation Model.- 5. Comparisons of Deprivation and Importation Models.- 6. Problems with the Prisonization Construct.- 7. How Harmful Are Effects of Prison Life?.- 8. Expanding Conceptions of Inmate Adjustment.- 9. Conclusion.- 10. References.- 13. Correctional Environments.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Review.- 2.1. Physical Characteristics of Environments.- 2.2. Transactional Models of Prison Environments.- 2.3. Policy Changes and the Disruption of Prison Environments.- 3. Conclusion.- 4. References.- V. Corrections Research and the Future.- Epilogue: The Researcher’s Work Is Never Done.- 1. Overcrowding.- 2. Prison Governance.- 3. The Prison Gang.- 4. Convicts in Segregation.- 5. References.