Circulating Regulatory Factors and Neuroendocrine Function

1 The Tuberoinfundibular Dopaminergic Neurons of the Brain: Hormonal Regulation.- Neurotropic Agents.- Prolactin and Fertility.- Prolactin and TIDA Neurons.- Young Adult Female Rats.- Aged Female Rats.- Young Adult Male Rats.- Ovarian Hormones and TIDA Neurons.- Young Adult Female Rats.- Aged Female Rats.- Young Adult Male Rats.- Discussion.- Summary.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 2 The Physiology of the Blood-Brain Barrier.- History.- Morphology of Brain Endothelial Cells.- The Role of the Astrocytes.- Lipid Solubility.- The BBB: A Modified Tight Epithelium.- Transport Mechanisms.- Cell Polarity.- Enzymatic Barriers.- Neurogenic Influences.- Dynamics and Fluctuations of BBB Functions.- Immunological Aspects.- Brain Regions Lacking BBB have a CSF Barrier.- Facilitating Passage of Substances from Blood to Brain.- Increasing Lipid Solubility.- Cationization.- Liposome Entrapment.- Coupling to Substances Entering by Receptor-Mediated Transport.- Experimentally Increasing the BBB Permeability.- Is it Wise to Alter the BBB?.- Summary.- References.- 3 Blood-Brain Barrier and Neuroendocrine Regulations.- Catecholamines and ACTH Secretion.- Serotonin and ACTH Secretion.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 4 Exchange of Peptides Between the Circulation and the Nervous System: Role of the Blood-Brain Barrier.- Early Work on Peptides and the BBB.- Nonsaturable Passage of Peptides.- Saturable Transport.- Modification of Transport.- Lighting.- Amino Acids.- Monoamines.- Stress.- Aging.- Analgesia.- Aluminum.- Ethanol.- References.- 5 Vasopressin, The Blood-Brain Barrier, and Brain Performance.- The Peripheral and Central Release of Vasopressin.- Vasopressin and Information Processing within the Brain.- The BBB as a Target for Vasopressin.- AVP and Brain Performance.- References.- 6 Neuroendocrine Responses to Emotional Stress: Possible Interactions Between Circulating Factors and Anterior Pituitary Hormone Release.- Methods.- Results.- Discussion.- Summary.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 7 Regulation of the Sympathetic Nervous System by Circulating Vasopressin.- Conclusions.- References.- 8 Antibodies to Neuropeptides: Biological Effects and Mechanisms of Action.- The Humoral Antibody-Peptide Interaction Concept.- Epitopes and Biological Activity.- Affinity and Biological Activity.- Binding Kinetics and Biological Activity.- Antibody-Cell Interaction Concept.- Neuronal Uptake of Antibodies to Enzymes.- Antibody-Induced Neuronal Lesions.- Antibody to Neuropeptides, Uptake and Biological Effects.- Conclusions.- References.- 9 Circulating Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in Pregnancy.- References.- 10 Therapeutic Effects of Neuroactive Drugs on Hypothalamo-Pituitary in Man.- Prolactin.- Growth Hormone.- ACTH.- Conclusions.- References.- 11 Cardiac Hormones and Neuroendocrine Function.- Cardiac Hormones: Isolation and Physiological Effects in the Periphery.- Cardiac Hormones: Presence and Actions in the Central Nervous System.- Cardiac Hormones: Are the Pharmacologic Effects Physiologically Significant?.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 12 Interactions Between the Circulating Hormones Angiotensin and Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and Their Receptors in Brain.- Materials and Methods.- Animals.- In Vitro Labeling of Peptide Receptors.- Receptor Autoradiography.- Results.- Distribution of Peptide Receptors in Brain.- Peptide Receptors in Hypertension.- Peptide Receptors in Alterations of Water Balance.- Peptide Receptors During Stress.- Brain Peptide Receptors After Endocrine Manipulations.- Discussion.- Conclusions.- References.- 13 The Anterior Third Ventricle Region is a Receptor Site for the Composition Rather than Volume of Body Fluids.- Cerebral Origin of a Natriuretic Hormone.- Sodium Concentration of Cerebrospinal Fluid and Renal Regulation of the Extracellular Fluid Volume.- Anterior Wall of the Third Cerebral Ventricle and Renal Sodium Excretion.- Atrial Appendectomy Impairs Natriuresis Induced by Isotonic and Hypertonic Saline Loads.- The Pituitary—Another Site of a Cerebral Natriuretic System.- Conclusions.- References.- 14 Peripheral Neurohumoral Factors and Central Control of Homeostasis During Altered Sodium Intake.- Multifactorial Control of Aldosterone Secretion: Role of AII.- Regulation of the Adrenal Sensitivity to All.- Role of Dopamine in the Adrenal Sensitivity to All.- Mechanism of Dopaminergic Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion.- Source of Dopamine During Changes in Sodium Intake.- Conclusions.- References.- 15 Central Action of Adrenal Steroids During Stress and Adaptation.- Differentiation of Corticosteroid Receptor Types: In Vivo and In Vitro Binding Sites.- Distribution of Corticosteroid Receptor Sites: Radioligand Binding Studies.- Distribution of Corticosteroid Receptor Sites: Immunocytochemistry and Gene Expression.- Corticosterone- and Aldosterone-Selective Mineralocorticoid Receptors.- Species-Specificity of Mineralocorticoid Receptors and Glucocorticoid Receptors in Rat and Hamster Brain.- Plasticity of the Corticosteroid Receptor System: Binding Studies.- Plasticity: Corticosteroid Receptor Gene Expression.- Corticosteroid Receptors and Senescence.- Mineralocorticoid Receptor and Glucocorticoid Receptor Occupancy Studies.- Receptor Plasticity Vs. Receptor Occupancy.- Functional Considerations.- Summary.- References.- 16 Effects of Thyroid Hormones on the Hypothalamic Dopaminergic Neurons.- Effects of Thyroid Hormones on the Hypothalamic DA Neurons During Fetal Life or Neonatal Period.- Effects of Thyroid Hormones on the Hypothalamic DA Neurons During Adult Life.- Activity of the TIDA Neurons in Adult Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats: Regulation by Thyroid Hormones?.- Effects of Thyroid Hormones on the Neuroendocrine Hypothalamic TRH-Secreting Neurons: Analogies with the TIDA Neurons.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 17 Inhibin and Related Proteins: Localization, Regulation, and Effects.- Detection of Inhibin and Related Peptides.- Structure of Inhibin and Related Peptides.- Localization of Inhibin and Related Substances.- Regulation of Inhibin Production.- Studies in Male Animals.- In Vitro in Male Animals.- In Vivo Studies.- Studies in Female Animals.- Inhibin Production by Granulosa Cells In Vitro.- In Vivo Studies.- Extrapituitary Effects of Inhibin and Activin.- Effects on Secretion of GnRH and Oxytocin.- Intragonadal Effects.- Effects on Placenta and Conception.- Effects on Hematopoietic Cell Lines.- Effects Related to Carbohydrate Metabolism.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 18 Role of Endotoxin and Interleukin-1 in Modulating ACTH, LH, and Sex Steroid Secretion.- Materials and Methods.- Experiments.- Drugs.- Results and Discussion.- Effect of LPS on the HPA and HPG Axis.- Mechanisms Mediating the Effects of LPS or IL-1 on the HPA Axis.- Mechanisms Mediating the Effect of LPS or IL-1 on the HPG Axis.- Summary.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 19 Neuroendocrinology of Interleukin-1.- Pituitary-Adrenal Activity During Immune Challenges.- Involvement of Monokines?.- Site of Action.- Mechanism of Action.- Other Neuroendocrine Effects of IL-1.- Functional Significance.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 20 Role of Monokines in Control of Anterior Pituitary Hormone Release.- Interleukin-1.- Tumor Necrosis Factor (Cachectin).- Gamma Interferon.- Summary.- References.- 21 Interleukins, Signal Transduction, and the Immune System-Mediated Stress Response.- Early Studies Linking Immune System and Stress Axis Activation.- CNS-Mediated Cytokine Stimulation of the HPA Axis.- Pituitary-Mediated Cytokine Stimulation of the HPA Axis.- Adrenal-Mediated Cytokine Stimulation of the Stress Axis.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 22 Immunoneurology: A Serum Protein Afferent Limb to the CNS.- The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) and Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Barrier.- BBB Studies in the Rat.- BBB Studies in the Rabbit.- Materials and Methods.- Results and Discussion.- BBB Studies in the Guinea Pig.- Materials and Methods.- Vascular Brain Perfusion Technique.- Experimental Allergic Encephalitis (EAE) in the Guinea Pig.- Scintillation Counting.- Isotopically Labelled IgG..- Measurement of IgG and Plasma Albumin Levels in CSF.- Immunocytochemical (ICC) Studies.- Calculation of the Unidirectional Blood-to-Brain Transfer Constant.- Results.- Autoimmune Diseases.- Multiple Sclerosis (MS).- Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration (PCD).- Alzheimer’s Disease (AD).- Discussion and Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 23 Neuroendocrine Mechanisms in the Thermogenic Responses to Diet, Infection, and Trauma.- Thermogenesis—Basic Concepts and Biological Value.- Effector Mechanisms of Thermogenesis.- Central Control of Thermogenesis.- Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis.- Dietary Related Signals for Thermogenesis.- Fever.- Thermogenic Responses to Injury.- Conclusions.- References.- 24 The Blood-Brain Barrier in Diabetes Mellitus.- Central Nervous System (CNS) Abnormalities in Diabetes.- Cognitive Function.- EEG Changes.- Nociception and Neuroendocrine Abnormalities.- Abnormalities of the Cerebral Microvasculature in Diabetes.- Permeability.- Transport.- Histologic Abnormalities.- References.- 25 Circulating Blood Glucose and Hypothalamic-Pituitaiy Secretion.- Effect of Acute Hyperglycemia on Hypothalamic-Pituitary Secretion.- Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on Hypothalamus-Pituitary Secretion.- Effect of Hypoglycemia on Hypothalamic-Pituitary Secretion.- Conclusions.- References.- 26 Nutritional and Hemodynamic Factors Influencing Adenopituitaiy Function in Man.- General Conditions of the Investigation.- Effect of Hyperlipidemia on Growth Hormone Secretion.- Tryptophan-Induced Release of GH and PRL: Effect of Glucose Administration.- Effect of Glucose on Exercise-Induced Release of GH, ACTH, and PRL.- Hypoglycemia-Induced GH and PRL Release: Mediation by DifferentGlucoreceptor Areas.- Plasma GH, PRL, and Cortisol after Transient Cerebral Ischemia.- Effects of Open Heart Surgery on Growth Hormone, Cortisol, and InsulinConcentrations.- Conclusions.- References.- 27 Differences in the Effects of Acute and Chronic Administration of Dexfenfluramine on Cortisol and Prolactin Secretion.- Effect of Dexfenfluramine on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Rat.- Materials and Methods.- Animals.- Collection of HPB.- Cannulation of the Tail Artery.- Acute d-F Treatment.- Chronic d-F Treatment.- Hormone Measurements.- Statistical Analysis.- Results.- Acute d-F Treatment.- Chronic d-F Treatment.- Discussion.- Effects of Dexfenfluramine on the Secretion of Pituitary Hormones in Human.- Effect in Human.- Materials and Methods.- Subjects.- Protocols.- Determination of Hormones.- Statistical Analysis.- Results.- Discussion.- Conclusion.- Acknowledgements.- References.- Participants.