Frontiers in Civil Justice

Preface xii
1 Frontiers in civil justice – privatising, digitising and
funding justice 1
Xandra Kramer, Jos Hoevenaars and Erlis Themeli

PART I ADR AND THE COURTS – SHAPING THE
INTERACTION BETWEEN PUBLIC AND
PRIVATE JUSTICE
2 The untapped potential of a structured interaction between
courts and ADR for the resolution of consumer disputes in the EU 22
Betül Kas
3 Formal and informal justice in Belgium 40
Stefaan Voet
4 Formulating a more principled approach to ADR within
the English civil justice system 61
Masood Ahmed
5 Alternative dispute resolution, justice and accountability in
Norwegian civil justice 81
Anna Nylund

PART II DIGITSING PRIVATE AND PUBLIC JUSTICE
6 The frontiers of digital justice in Europe 102
Erlis Themeli
7 AI and access to justice: An expansion of Adrian
Zuckerman’s findings 121
Nicolas Kyriakides, Anna Plevri and Yomna Zentani
8 Automating due process – the promise and challenges of
AI-based techniques in consumer online dispute resolution 142
Martin Ebers
9 E-negotiation in the EU: Current experiences, challenges,
and new scenarios 169
Marco Giacalone and Seyedeh Sajedeh Salehi
10 Unpacking content moderation: The rise of social media
platforms as online civil courts 193
Catalina Goanta and Pietro Ortolani
11 Access to digital justice: In search of an effective remedy
for removing unlawful online content 218
Naomi Appelman, Joanna van Duin, Ronan Fahy, Joris
van Hoboken, Natali Helberger and Brahim Zaroual

PART III COLLECTIVISING AND MONETISING CIVIL
LITIGATION
12 Dutch collective actions and the rise of entrepreneurial
actors: Navigating between access to justice and a claim culture 239
Ilja Tillema
13 German collective actions – is litigation funding in a dead end? 260
Astrid Stadler
14 Transparency and oversight of class actions funding in Canada 277
Catherine Piché

Index