Managed Pressure Drilling

<br>Preface</br><br>Contributors</br><br>List of Abbreviations</br><br>Chapter 1 The Why and Basic Principles of Managed Well-Bore Pressure</br><br> About This Chapter</br><br> 1.1 Introduction to Managed Pressure Drilling and Some Definitions</br><br> 1.2 History</br><br> 1.2.1 Old Ideas Made New</br><br> 1.2.2 New Ideas</br><br> 1.3 Advantages and Methods of Managed Pressure Drilling</br><br> 1.3.1 An Adaptive Process</br><br> 1.3.2 Extending the Casing Points</br><br> 1.3.3 Lost Circulation</br><br> 1.3.4 Well Kicks</br><br> 1.3.5 Differentially Stuck Drill Pipe</br><br> 1.3.6 Deepwater Drilling</br><br> 1.4 Basic Mathematical Ideas behind MPD</br><br> 1.4.1 Bottom-Hole Pressure Calculations with Liquids</br><br> 1.4.2 Expansion (or Compression) of a Gas Bubble with No Fluid Flow</br><br> 1.4.3 Ideal Gas Law</br><br> 1.4.4 Strong–White Equation</br><br> 1.4.5 The Effect of Annular Pressure Loss on Bubble Size</br><br> 1.5 Basic Well Control</br><br> 1.5.1 Driller’s Method of Well Control</br><br> 1.5.2 Wait and Weight Method of Well Control</br><br> 1.5.3 Basic Well-Control Formulas</br><br> 1.5.4 Lag Time—Choke to Bottom of the Hole or Choke to Standpipe</br><br> 1.6 Pore Pressure</br><br> 1.7 Overburden Pressure</br><br> 1.8 Rock Mechanics</br><br> 1.8.1 Fracture Pressure</br><br> 1.8.2 Well-Bore Ballooning and the Leak-off Test</br><br> Questions</br><br> References</br><br> Answers</br><br>Chapter 2 Situational Problems in MPD</br><br> About This Chapter</br><br> 2.1 Introduction</br><br> 2.2 ECD Manipulation—Pore Pressure and Fracture Pressure Convergence</br><br> 2.2.1 Chokes</br><br> 2.2.2 Pumps</br><br> 2.2.3 Pipe Movement</br><br> 2.2.4 "Ballooning"</br><br> 2.2.5 Precision</br><br> 2.2.6 Well Control</br><br> 2.2.7 Lag Time</br><br> 2.3 Total Lost Circulation</br><br> 2.4 Deepwater Marine Drilling</br><br> 2.4.1 The Problem in the Surface Hole</br><br> 2.4.2 Excessive Casing Strings</br><br> 2.4.3 U-Tube Effect in Riserless or Limited Riser Operations</br><br> 2.4.4 Hydrostatic Control Valve</br><br> 2.4.5 Annular Pressure Changes (ECD Problems)</br><br> 2.4.6 Well-Bore Ballooning</br><br> 2.4.7 Well Control</br><br> 2.5 Connections and Trips</br><br> 2.6 Annular Pressure Loss and Hydraulics</br><br> 2.6.1 Equivalent Circulating Density</br><br> 2.6.2 Historical Calculation of the ΔP in APL</br><br> 2.6.3 Annular Pressure Loss Calculations</br><br> 2.6.4 Hydraulics Equations</br><br> 2.6.5 Annular Frictional Pressure Loss Calculation, ΔPa</br><br> 2.7 The Effect of Pipe Movement</br><br> 2.7.1 Pipe Movement Changes the Bottom-Hole Pressure</br><br> 2.7.2 Estimating Pressure Surge and Swab</br><br> Questions</br><br> References</br><br> Answers</br><br>Chapter 3 Constant Bottom-Hole Pressure with Pressure as a Primary Control</br><br> About This Chapter</br><br> 3.1 Introduction</br><br> 3.2 Pressure Control</br><br> 3.3 Constant-BHP Choke Systems</br><br> 3.4 Operational Considerations</br><br> 3.5 DAPC System Description</br><br> 3.5.1 DAPC Choke Manifold</br><br> 3.5.2 DAPC Back-Pressure Pump</br><br> 3.5.3 Integrated Pressure Manager</br><br> 3.5.4 Case Study</br><br> Questions</br><br> References</br><br> Answers</br><br>Chapter 4 MPD with Flow Measurement as the Primary Control</br><br> About This Chapter</br><br> 4.1 Description of the Process</br><br> 4.2 Special Drilling Equipment</br><br> 4.2.1 Circulation Path</br><br> 4.2.2 Rotating Control Device</br><br> 4.2.3 Drilling Manifold</br><br> 4.3 Real-Time Data Acquisition and Control</br><br> 4.4 Drilling Applications</br><br> 4.4.1 Standard Approach</br><br> 4.4.2 Special Systems Approach</br><br> 4.5 Case Histories</br><br> Questions</br><br> References</br><br> Answers</br><br>Chapter 5 Continuous Circulation System</br><br> About This Chapter</br><br> 5.1 Introduction</br><br> 5.2 The System</br><br> 5.3 Development</br><br> 5.4 Control System</br><br> 5.5 Applications</br><br> 5.6 Operation</br><br> 5.7 Well Planning</br><br> 5.8 Records and Reporting</br><br> 5.9 Case History</br><br> 5.10 Safety</br><br> Questions</br><br> References</br><br> Answers</br><br>Chapter 6 A Simplified Approach to MPD</br><br> About This Chapter</br><br> 6.1 Introduction</br><br> 6.2 Discussion</br><br> 6.3 A Simplified Approach</br><br> 6.4 Implementation</br><br> 6.5 Conclusion</br><br> Questions</br><br> References</br><br> Answers</br><br>Chapter 7 Mud Cap Drilling</br><br> About This Chapter</br><br> 7.1 History of Mud Cap Drilling</br><br> 7.2 Pressurized Mud Cap</br><br> 7.3 Floating Mud Cap</br><br> 7.4 Mud Cap Operation</br><br> 7.4.1 Mud Cap Drilling</br><br> 7.4.2 Mud Cap Tripping</br><br> 7.5 Pressurized Mud Cap Operation</br><br> 7.5.1 Pressurized Mud Cap Drilling</br><br> 7.5.2 Pressurized Mud Cap Tripping</br><br> 7.6 Conclusion</br><br> Questions</br><br> References</br><br> Answers</br><br>Chapter 8 Dual-Gradient Drilling</br><br> About This Chapter</br><br> 8.1 Introduction</br><br> 8.2 Problems Associated with Conventional Riser Systems in Deep Water</br><br> 8.3 AGR Riserless Mud Return System</br><br> 8.3.1 Introduction</br><br> 8.3.2 Primary Uses</br><br> 8.3.3 Equipment</br><br> 8.3.4 Operation</br><br> 8.3.5 Critical Issues</br><br> 8.3.6 Summary</br><br> 8.4 AGR Dual-Gradient System</br><br> 8.4.1 Introduction</br><br> 8.4.2 Primary Uses</br><br> 8.4.3 Equipment</br><br> 8.4.4 Operation</br><br> 8.4.5 Critical Issues</br><br> 8.4.6 Summary</br><br> 8.5 Subsea Mud-Lift Drilling System (Joint Industry Project)</br><br> 8.5.1 SMD Equipment</br><br> 8.5.2 The U-Tube Phenomenon with DGD</br><br> 8.6 Dual-Gradient Well Control</br><br> 8.6.1 Recording Prekick Information</br><br> 8.6.2 Kick Detection</br><br> 8.6.3 Dynamic Shut-in of the DGD System</br><br> 8.6.4 Kick Circulation</br><br> 8.7 Additional Comments</br><br> 8.8 Examples</br><br> Questions</br><br> References</br><br> Answers</br><br>Chapter 9 Equipment Common to MPD Operations</br><br> About This Chapter</br><br> 9.1 Rotating Control Devices and Rotating Annular Preventers</br><br> 9.1.1 Rotating Control Devices (Passive Systems)</br><br> 9.1.2 Rotating Annular Preventors (Active Systems)</br><br> 9.1.3 Comments on the Use of Active or Passive Systems</br><br> 9.1.4 Rotating Control Devices on Risers</br><br> 9.2 Chokes</br><br> 9.2.1 Power Choke</br><br> 9.2.2 Swaco Super Choke</br><br> 9.2.3 Swaco Auto Super Choke</br><br> 9.3 Drill-Pipe Nonreturn Valves</br><br> 9.3.1 Basic Piston-Type Float</br><br> 9.3.2 Hydrostatic Control Valve</br><br> 9.3.3 Inside BOP (Pump-Down Check Valve)</br><br> 9.3.4 Retrievable NRV or Check Valve (Weatherford)</br><br> 9.4 Down-Hole Annular Valves</br><br> 9.4.1 Casing Isolation Valve</br><br> 9.4.2 Drilling Down-Hole Deployment Valve</br><br> 9.4.3 Quick Trip Valve</br><br> 9.5 ECD Reduction Tool</br><br> 9.5.1 Unique Considerations</br><br> 9.5.2 Advantages</br><br> 9.5.3 Challenges</br><br> 9.5.4 Description</br><br> 9.6 Coriolis Flowmeter</br><br> 9.7 Disc Pump (Friction Pump)</br><br> Questions</br><br> References</br><br> Answers</br><br>Chapter 10 MPD Candidate Selection</br><br> About This Chapter</br><br> 10.1 Introduction</br><br> 10.2 Candidate Selection and Feasibility Study</br><br> 10.3 What is MPD Candidate Selection?</br><br> 10.4 Steps Involved in Candidate Selection</br><br> 10.4.1 Purpose of the Study</br><br> 10.4.2 Procurement of Information</br><br> 10.4.3 Hydraulic Analysis</br><br> 10.4.4 Method Selection</br><br> 10.4.5 Viability of the Option</br><br> 10.4.6 Equipment</br><br> 10.4.7 HAZOP and HAZID (Optional)</br><br> 10.5 Examples</br><br> 10.5.1 CBHP</br><br> 10.5.2 Dual-Gradient SMD</br><br> Questions</br><br> Answers</br><br>Appendix A Rock Mechanics</br><br> A.1 Stress and Strain (Elastic and Nonelastic Deformation)</br><br> A.2 Horizontal and Vertical Rock Stress</br><br>Appendix B Rheology</br><br> B.1 Introduction</br><br> B.2 Shear Stress and Shear Rate</br><br> B.3 Newtonian Model</br><br> B.4 Non-Newtonian Model</br><br> B.4.1 Bingham Plastic Model</br><br> B.4.2 Power Law Model</br><br> B.4.3 API (Recommended Practice 13D, 2003) Model</br><br> B.4.4 Herschel–Bulkley Model</br><br> References</br><br>Appendix C Useful Conversion Factors</br><br>Appendix D IADC Well Classification System for Underbalanced Operations and Managed Pressure Drilling</br><br>Appendix E IADC Underbalanced and Managed Pressure Drilling Guidelines—HSE Planning Guidelines</br><br>Appendix F IADC UB and MPD Glossary</br><br>Index</br>