Seawater Intrusion in the Coastal Alluvial Aquifers of the Mahanadi Delta

1. Introduction.<div>1.1 General</div><div>1.2 Location of the Study Area</div><div>1.3 Climate and Rainfall</div><div>1.4 Drainage</div><div>1.5 Previous Work</div><div>1.6 Present Work</div><div><br/></div><div>2. General Geology</div><div>2.1 Introduction</div><div>2.2 Mahanadi Delta</div><div>2.2.1 Geology</div><div>2.2.2 Environment of Deposits</div><div>2.2.3 Geomorphology</div><div>2.2.4 Land-Use</div><div>2.2.5 Soil</div><div>2.2.6 Evolutionary History</div><div>2.3 Study Area</div><div>2.3.1 Geomorphology, Land-Use and Soil</div><div>2.3.2 Geology and Stratigraphy</div><div><br/></div><div>3. Hydro-Geomorphology</div><div>3.1 Introduction</div><div>3.2 Geomorphic Regions</div><div>3.2.1 Upper and Lower Deltaic Plains</div><div>3.2.2 Older and Younger Coastal Plains</div><div>3.3 Geomorphic Landforms</div><div>3.3.1 Beach</div><div>3.3.2 Beach Ridges</div><div>3.3.3 Swale</div><div>3.3.4 Beach Ridges and Swales Complex</div><div>3.3.5 Palaeo-Channel</div><div>3.3.6 Buried Channel</div><div>3.3.7 Back Swamp</div><div>3.3.8 Channel Bar</div><div>3.3.9 Channel Island</div><div>3.3.10 Migrated River Course</div><div>3.3.11 Natural Levee</div><div>3.4 Conclusion</div><div><br/></div><div>4. Borehole Geophysics</div><div>4.1 Introduction</div><div>4.2 Resistivity Logging</div><div>4.3 Spontaneous Potential Logging</div><div>4.4 Analysis Procedure</div><div>4.5 Correlation of Resistivity and Water Quality</div><div>4.6 Geophysical Logging in the Area</div><div>4.7 Depth Slicing</div><div>4.8 Conclusion</div><div><br/></div><div>5. Hydrogeology</div><div>5.1 Introduction</div><div>5.2 Salt Water - Fresh Water Relationship</div><div>5.3 Lithology</div><div>5.4 Hydraulic Properties of the Aquifers</div><div>5.5 Panel Diagram</div><div>5.6 Classification of Aquifer Systems</div><div>5.6.1 Shallow Aquifer System</div><div>5.6.2 Deep Aquifers</div><div>5.7 Water Levels</div><div>5.7.1 Long-Term Trend</div><div>5.7.2 High Frequency Water Levels</div><div>5.7.3 Spectral Analysis</div><div>5.8 Well Design Aspects</div><div>5.9 Summary</div><div><br/></div><div>6. Water Quality</div><div>6.1 Introduction</div><div>6.2 Sample Collection</div><div>6.3 Chemical Analysis</div><div>6.3.1 Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)</div><div>6.3.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC)</div><div>6.3.3 Total Dissolve Solids (TDS)</div><div>6.3.4 Total Hardness</div><div>6.3.5 Turbidity</div><div>6.3.6 Total Alkalinity</div><div>6.3.7 Carbonate and Bicarbonate</div><div>6.3.8 Chloride</div><div>6.3.9 Sulphate</div><div>6.3.10 Nitrate</div><div>6.3.11 Fluoride</div><div>6.3.12 Calcium</div><div>6.3.13 Magnesium</div><div>6.3.14 Sodium</div><div>6.3.15 Potassium</div><div>6.3.16 Iron</div><div>6.4 Long-Term Trend</div><div>6.5 Statistics</div><div>6.5.1 Mean, Median and Mode</div><div>6.5.2 Skewness and Kurtosis</div><div>6.6 Inter-Parameter Relationship</div><div><br/></div><div>7. Hydro-Geochemical Evaluation</div><div>7.1 Introduction</div><div>7.2 Water Characterisation</div><div>7.2.1 Collin's Bar Diagram</div><div>7.2.2 Stiff's Pattern Diagram</div><div>7.2.3 Piper Diagram</div><div>7.2.4 Durov Diagram</div><div>7.3 Quality for Drinking Water</div><div>7.3.1 Drinking Water Quality Standard</div><div>7.3.2 Comparison of Analysis Results</div><div>7.3.3 Identification of Potable Water Zones</div><div>7.4 Quality for Irrigation</div><div>7.4.1 Chloride and Sulphate</div><div>7.4.2 U.S. Salinity Diagram</div><div>7.4.3 Wilcox Diagram</div><div>7.5 Conclusion</div><div><br/></div><div>8. Summary and Conclusion</div><div><br/></div><div>9. References</div><div><br/></div><div>10. Index</div>