Vertebrate Reproduction

Preface.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Types of Reproduction.- 1.2 Asexual Reproduction.- 1.3 Sexual Reproduction.- 1.3.1 Basic Genetics.- 1.3.2 Mitotic and Meiotic Cell Division.- 1.3.3 The Evolution of Sexuality.- 1.3.4 Determination of the Sexes.- 1.3.5 Problems Associated with Vertebrate Reproduction.- 1.3.6 Reproductive Cycles.- 1.3.7 Types of Mating.- 1.3.8 Parthenogenesis.- 1.3.9 Hermaphroditism.- 1.3.10 Storage of Sperm.- 1.3.11 Delayed Implantation.- 1.3.12 Sexual Dimorphism.- 1.3.13 Reproduction and Migration.- 2 Comparative Anatomy of the Urogenital System.- 2.1 The Gonads of Vertebrates.- 2.2 Development of the Gonads.- 2.3 Structure and Development of the Kidneys: the Uro-genital Connection.- 2.4 Organisation of the Male Urogenital System.- 2.5 Organisation of the Female Urogenital System.- 2.6 Copulatory Organs.- 2.7 External Genitalia of Females.- 3 The Formation of Gametes.- 3.1 Sexual Maturity.- 3.2 Production of Gametes.- 3.2.1 Spermatogenesis.- 3.2.2 The Formation and Maturation of Eggs.- 4 Fertilisation and Early Development.- 4.1 Mechanisms of Bringing the Gametes Together.- 4.2 Fertilisation.- 4.3 Cleavage Types and the Formation of Germ Layers.- 4.3.1 Cleavage.- 4.3.2 Formation of Germ Layers.- 4.4 The Early Development of Acrania and Vertebrates.- 4.4.1 The Early Development of Branchiostoma.- 4.4.2 The Early Development of Petromyzontia.- 4.4.3 The Early Development of Amphibia.- 4.4.4 The Early Development of Elasmobranchii.- 4.4.5 The Early Development of Teleostei.- 4.4.6 The Early Development of Sauropsida.- 4.4.7 The Early Development of Mammalia.- 5 The Regulation of Reproduction.- 5.1 Characteristics of the Integrative Systems.- 5.2 Types of Hormone and Their Sites of Production.- 5.3 Molecular Mechanisms of Hormone Action.- 5.4 The Neuroendocrine Reflex Arc: Interconnections Between the Two Systems.- 5.5 The Release of Hormones into the Blood.- 5.6 Hormone Systems Involved in Reproduction.- 5.7 The Morphology of Endocrine Systems Involved in Reproduction.- 5.8 Chemistry and Physiology of Hormones that Regulate Reproduction.- 5.9 Hormonal Regulation of the Testes.- 5.10 Hormonal Regulation of the Ovaries.- 5.11 Hormonal Regulation of the Female Genital System of Mammals.- 5.12 The Role of the Epiphysis.- 5.13 The Hormonal Regulation of Lactation.- 5.14 The Role of Hormones in Sexual Differentiation.- 5.15 Pheromones and Reproduction.- 6 Reproductive Behaviour.- 6.1 General Definitions.- 6.2 Phases of Reproductive Behaviour.- 6.3 The Physiological Basis of Reproductive Behaviour.- 6.4 Variation in Reproductive Behaviour.- 6.4.1 Territorial Behaviour.- 6.4.2 Finding a Partner, Courtship and Mating.- 6.4.3 Parental Care.- 6.5 Reproductive Behaviour as Social Behaviour.- 6.6 Physiological Aspects Underlying Reproductive Behaviour.- 7 Care of the Young Within the Body: Submammalians.- 7.1 Adaptations Associated with Ovuliparity.- 7.2 Ovoviviparity.- 7.3 Viviparity.- 7.3.1 Viviparity in Elasmobranchs.- 7.3.2 Viviparity in Teleosts.- 7.3.3 Viviparity in Amphibians.- 7.3.4 Viviparity in Reptiles.- 8 Care of the Young Within the Body: Mammals.- 8.1 Types of Implantation and the Classification of Placentas.- 8.2 Transport of the Embryo.- 8.3 The Process of Implantation.- 8.4 Immunological Problems Associated with Implantation and Placentation.- 8.5 Placentation in Marsupialia.- 8.6 Placentation in Eutheria.- 8.6.1 The Semiplacenta of the Pig and Horse.- 8.6.2 The Semiplacenta of Ruminants.- 8.6.3 The Placenta Vera of Carnivores.- 8.6.4 The Placenta Vera of Lagomorphs and Rodents.- 8.6.5 The Placenta Vera of Dermoptera.- 8.6.6 The Placenta of Primates.- 8.6.7 The Physiology of the Placenta.- 8.7 The Duration of Gestation.- 9 Care of the Young Outside the Body.- 9.1 Pisces.- 9.2 Amphibia.- 9.3 Reptilia.- 9.4 Aves.- 9.5 Mammalia.- References.- List of Figure Sources.- Index of Animal and Plant Names.