From Simplicity to Complexity in Chemistry — and Beyond

1 From Molecular Systems to More Complex Ones: Some Preliminary Ideas.- 1.1 General Aspects.- 1.2 Complexity in Systems far from Equilibrium.- 1.3 Taking Complexity of Conservative Systems into Account and a Model System Demonstrating the Creation of Molecular Complexity by Stepwise Self-Assembly.- 1.4 A System of High Complexity: Human Society.- 1.5 Supplement.- Organization, Information and Codes in Biological Systems.- 2 Entropies and Lexicographic Analysis of Biosequences.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Entropies of Biosequences.- 2.3 Detecting Long-range Correlations in Symbol Sequences.- 2.4 Long-range Correlations in DNA Sequences.- 2.5 The Linguistic Concept.- 2.6 Summary and Discussion.- 3 Coding Coenzyme Handles and the Origin of the Genetic Code.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Postulates and Theses.- 3.2.1 Origin of Coding Amino Acid Handles.- 3.2.2 Specific Aminoacylation of Handles.- 3.2.3 Extension of the Amino Acid Vocabulary.- 3.2.4 Evolution of the Coding Machinery.- 3.2.5 The Role of Complementary Strands in Coding and Translation.- 3.2.6 Avoiding the Error Catastrophe of Translation.- 3.3 Discussion.- 4 RNA Replication and Evolution.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The Mechanism of RNA Replication.- 4.3 Quantitative Determination of Selection Rate Values.- 4.4 Mutation Rates and Mutant Frequencies.- 4.5 Structural Requirements of RNA Replication.- 4.6 RNA Replication Catalyzed by RNA Polymerase.- 4.7 Template-free RNA Synthesis.- 4.8 Summary and Conclusions.- Organization of Chemical Systems.- 5 DNA Binding and Bending by two different Proteins: Factor for Inversion Stimulation (FIS) and Tetracycline Repressor (TetR).- 5.1 Introduction; Biological Significance of FIS and TetR.- 5.2 General Principles of Protein and Nucleic Acid Structure.- 5.2.1 Protein Structure.- 5.2.2 Structural Principles of Nucleic Acids.- 5.2.3 The Interaction between DNA and Helix-Turn-Helix Motifs.- 5.2.4 Some Words about X-Ray Crystallography.- 5.3 Three-dimensional Structure of FIS.- 5.4 Three-dimensional Structure of Tetracycline Repressor (TetR).- 5.5 Conclusions.- 6 Function Based on Organization and Recognition: From “Complicated” Biological Systems to “Simple” Synthetic Systems.- 6.1 Introduction: Function Based on Organization.- 6.2 Phospholipase A2.- 6.2.1 Function and Properties of Phospholipase A2.- 6.2.2 Hydrolysis of Substrate Lipids of Phospholipase A2 in Monolayers.- 6.2.2.1 Hydrolysis of Solid-Analogous L-?-DPPC Domains.- 6.2.2.2 Hydrolysis of Solid-Analogous L-?-DMPC Domains.- 6.2.2.3 Compression of a Hydrolyzed L-?-DPPC Monolayer.- 6.2.3 Phase Behaviour of Mixed Lecithin, Lysolecithin, and Fatty Acid Monolayers and their Interaction with Phospholipase A2.- 6.2.4 Conclusions.- 6.3 The Complementary System of Barbituric Acid Lipids and 2,4,6-Tri-aminopyrimidine (TAP).- 7 Self-Organization of Molecules en Route to Crystal Formation.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Nucleation Inhibitors.- 7.3 Crystal Nucleation Promotors.- 7.4 Oriented Crystallization of ?-Glycine under ?-Amino Acid Monolayers.- 7.5 Induced Nucleation of Ice by Monolayers of Aliphatic Alcohols.- 7.6 Conclusions.- 8 Towards Molecular Devices.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Molecular Shuttles.- 8.3 Towards the Electrochemical Control of Molecular Shuttles.- 8.4 Towards the Photochemical Control of Molecular Shuttles.- 8.5 Conclusions.- 9 Non-Covalent Interactions Between Aromatic Molecules.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 ?-? Interactions in a Simple Chemical System.- 9.3 A General Model for ?-? Interactions.- 9.4 Experimental Evidence for the Model.- 9.4.1 ?-? Interactions in Proteins.- 9.4.2 ?-? Interactions as an Element in Host Design.- 9.5 The Effect of Polarization by Heteroatoms.- 9.6 ?-? Interactions in a Complex Biological System.- 9.7 Summary.- 10 Design, Syntheses, and Supramolecular Chemistry of Smart Cascade Polymers.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Syntheses of Cascade Macromolecules.- 10.2.1 Divergent, Polyamido Infrastructures.- 10.2.2 Divergent, All-carbon Infrastructures.- 10.3 Supramolecular Chemistry of the Unimolecular Micelles.- 10.3.1 Metalloidomicellanes™.- 10.3.2 Metallomicellanes™.- From Molecules to Materials.- 11 Polyoxometallate Cluster Anions.- 11.1 Principles of Formation and Structure.- 11.2 The Keggin Anion and Lacunary Structures.- 11.3 Assembly of Larger Polyoxometallates from Lacunary Structures.- 11.4 Very Large Polyoxomolybdates.- 12 At the Boundary of the Metallic State.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Synthetic Aspects.- 12.3 Electronic Properties.- 12.4 Conclusions.- 13 Physical Properties of High-nuclearity Metal Cluster Compounds: Model Systems for Uniform-sized Metal Particles.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Fundamental Physical Questions.- 13.3 Some Results of the Physical Studies.- 14 Towards Nanoscale Molecular Magnetic Materials.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Synthetic Strategies to Nanoscale Magnetic Molecular Materials.- 14.2.1 Organic Clusters.- 14.2.2 Inorganic Clusters.- 14.3 Magnetic Properties of Large Spin Clusters.- 14.4 Polyoxovanadates(IV).- 14.5 Poly-Iron Oxo Complexes.- 14.6 Poly-Manganese Oxo Complexes.- 14.7 Conclusions.- Some Reflections on Simple Systems and More Complex Ones.- 15 Philosophische Aspekte der Chemie — Ihr Wesen: Universalität und Beständigkeit des Wandels.- 15.1 Einführung.- 15.2 Berechtigte Reduktionen oder Reduktionismus?.- 15.3 Qualitätswandel, die relevante Geschichte in der Zeit und schlafende Propensitäten in materiellen Systemen.- 15.4 Determinismus, Linearität und Nicht-Linearität des anthropogenen und evolutionären Geschehens.- 15.5 Fazit.- 15.6 Anhang — Die Verteilung materieller Systeme auf die Sphären und deren Wechselwirkungen sowie die Geschichte eines Eisenatoms.- Literaturauswahl zum Anhang.- 16 Über systemtheoretische Grundlagen der Gesellschaftstheorie.- References.- Authors.