Ligaments and Ligamentoplasties

Introduction: Evaluation of Cruciate Ligament Prostheses — Critique of Current Concepts and Procedures.- I Fundamental Aspects of the Ligaments.- I.1 Passive and Dynamic Stability of the Knee Joint.- I.2 Sensory Endings in Ligaments: Response Properties and Effects on Proprioception and Motor Control.- I.3 Morphological Evaluation of Bone-Ligament Interaction in Biological and Artificial Reconstruction.- I.4 Mesomechanical Modeling of Living Soft Tissue.- I.5 Fundamental Considerations on Cruciate Ligament Surgery.- II Artificial Ligaments: Materials and Designs, Mechanical Performance, Lifetime, Fixation Techniques, Biofunctionality.- II.1 The History of Ligament Substitutes.- II.2 A Classification of Prosthetic Ligament Failures.- II.3 Computer-Assisted Planning of Prosthetic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Insertion.- II.4 Isometric Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Femoral and Tibial Tunnel Placement.- II.5 Considerations on the Biomechanics of the Knee Joint with Regard to Ligament Reconstruction, Especially with a Polyethylene-Terephthalate Alloplastic Ligament (Trevira Ligament).- II.6 Reconstruction of Cruciate Ligaments Using a Synthetic Ligament of Polyethylene Terephthalate (Trevira Ligament).- II.7 Isolated and Combined Posterior Cruciate Ligament Instability.- II.8 Polyethylene Fibers as Substitute for Anterior Cruciate Knee Ligament in Goats: A Histological Study.- II.9 Motion-Induced Inhibition of Effective Osseous Fixation of a Polyethylene Filamentous Prosthesis: Histological, Histomorphometrical, and Biomechanical Studies of a High-Tensile Polyethylene Filamentous Braid for Replacement of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament in Goats.- III Future Trends: Tissue Engineering, Regeneration.- III.1 Artificial Materials and Structures for Extracellular Matrix Scaffolding of Orthopedic Tissues: A Review.- III.2 Biochemical and Mechanical Stimulation of Knee Fibroblasts for Regeneration of Ligaments In Vitro.- III.3 Tissue-Engineered Ligament.