Laparoscopy and Imaging Techniques

I Progress in Laparoscopy.- 1 New Instruments.- 1.1 Fine Needles for Pneumoperitoneum.- 1.1.1 Veress Needle.- 1.1.2 Fine Needle.- 1.1.3 Conclusions.- 1.2 Laparoscopy with Flexible Instruments.- 1.2.1 Fiberscope Used as a Laparoscope.- 1.2.2 Rigid Laparoscope with a Mobile Head.- 1.2.3 Conclusions.- 1.3 Bio-Plug.- 1.3.1 Instrument and Technique.- 1.3.2 Results.- 1.3.3 Conclusions.- 2 Integration of Laparoscopy with Sonography.- 2.1 Echolaparoscopy.- 2.1.1 Instruments.- 2.1.2 Technique.- 2.1.3 Results.- 2.1.4 Clinical Applications.- 2.1.5 Practical Value.- 2.1.6 Conclusions.- 2.2 Sonography for Laparoscopy.- 2.2.1 Sonography Before Pneumoperitoneum.- 2.2.2 Sonography After Pneumoperitoneum.- 2.2.3 Sonography After Laparoscopy.- 2.2.4 Conclusions.- 3 Technical Innovations.- 3.1 Laparoscopic Exploration of the Pancreas.- 3.1.1 Technique.- 3.1.2 Interpretation of Laparoscopic Findings.- 3.1.3 Present Value.- 3.1.4 Conclusions.- 3.2 Operative Laparoscopy.- 3.2.1 Technique.- 3.2.2 Lysis of Adhesions for Diagnostic Purposes.- 3.2.3 Lysis of Algogenic Adhesions.- 3.2.4 Puncturing and Drainage of Cystic Formations.- 3.2.5 Puncturing and Drainage of Abscesses.- 3.2.6 Endoscopic Operations for Laparoscopic Accidents.- 3.2.7 Conclusions.- 3.3 Laparoscopy in Patients with Possible Endoabdominal Adhesions.- 3.3.1 Risks.- 3.3.2 Results.- 3.3.3 Conclusions.- 3.4 Laparoscopic Biopsy.- 3.4.1 Biopsy of Peritoneum, Mesentery, and Omentum.- 3.4.2 Liver Biopsy.- 3.4.3 Pancreas Biopsy.- 3.4.4 Splenic Biopsy.- 3.5 Disinfection of Instruments.- 3.5.1 Current Precautions and Disinfection Procedures.- 3.5.2 Conclusions.- II Present Uses of Laparoscopy.- 4 Traditional Indications for Laparoscopy.- 4.1 Ascites.- 4.1.1 Present Indications for Laparoscopy.- 4.1.2 False Ascites.- 4.1.3 Conclusions.- 4.2 Hepatomegaly.- 4.2.1 False Hepatomegaly.- 4.2.2 Conclusions.- 4.3 Splenomegaly.- 4.3.1 Present Indications for Laparoscopy.- 4.3.2 Main Laparoscopic Findings.- 4.3.3 Conclusions.- 4.4 Abdominal Masses.- 4.4.1 Present Indications for Laparoscopy.- 4.4.2 Conclusions.- 4.5 Jaundice.- 4.5.1 Present Indications for Laparoscopy.- 4.5.2 Main Laparoscopic Findings.- 4.5.3 Conclusions.- 4.6 Abdominal Pain.- 4.6.1 Present Indications for Laparoscopy.- 4.6.2 Main Laparoscopic Findings.- 4.6.3 Conclusions.- 4.7 Fever.- 4.7.1 Present Indications for Laparoscopy.- 4.7.2 Main Laparoscopic Findings.- 4.7.3 Conclusions.- 5 Liver Diseases.- 5.1 Diffuse Noncirrhotic Liver Diseases.- 5.1.1 Alcoholic Liver Disease.- 5.1.2 Chronic Hepatitis.- 5.1.3 Conclusions.- 5.2 Cirrhosis of the Liver.- 5.2.1 Main Laparoscopic Findings.- 5.2.2 Etiological Diagnosis.- 5.2.3 Liver Biopsy.- 5.2.4 Laparoscopic Classification.- 5.2.5 Cirrhosis and Liver Tumors.- 5.2.6 Present Indications for Laparoscopy.- 5.2.7 Conclusions.- 5.3 Focal Liver Lesions.- 5.3.1 Present Indications for Laparoscopy.- 5.3.2 Conclusions.- 5.4 Portal Hypertension.- 5.4.1 Main Laparoscopic Findings.- 5.4.2 Present Indications for Laparoscopy.- 5.4.3 Conclusions.- 6 Laparoscopy in Oncology.- 6.1 Staging of Malignant Tumors.- 6.2 Follow-up and Restaging.- 6.3 Systemic Tumors: Malignant Lymphomas.- 6.3.1 Imaging Techniques.- 6.3.2 Progress in Oncological Laparoscopy.- 6.3.3 Present Indications for Laparoscopy.- 6.4 Primary Extraabdominal Tumors.- 6.4.1 Breast Cancer.- 6.4.2 Esophageal Carcinoma.- 6.4.3 Lung Tumors.- 6.4.4 Melanoblastoma.- 6.5 Primary Endoabdominal Tumors.- 6.5.1 Stomach Carcinoma.- 6.5.2 Intestinal Tumors.- 6.5.3 Pancreatic Tumors.- 6.5.4 Liver Carcinoma.- 6.5.5 Ovarian Carcinoma.- 6.6 Conclusions.- 7 Emergency Laparoscopy.- 7.1 Present Indications for Laparoscopy.- 7.1.1 Acute Spontaneous Abdomen.- 7.1.2 Abdominal Trauma.- 7.2 Conclusions.