Tuberculosis of the Skeleton

1 Pathogenesis.- 1.1 Species and Types of Mycobacteria.- 1.2 Genetic Influences: HLA-DR.- 1.3 Development of Cellular Immunity and Hypersensitivity Reaction to Mycobacterial Antigens.- 1.4 Endogenous Reactivation.- 2 Clinical Findings.- 3 Diagnostic Methods.- 3.1 Patient and Family History.- 3.2 Symptoms and Signs.- 3.3 Laboratory Findings.- 3.4 Tuberculin Skin Test.- 3.5 Biopsy or Puncture.- 3.6 Bacteriology.- 3.7 Histology.- 3.8 Imaging Modalities.- 4 Epidemiology of Bone and Joint Tuberculosis.- 5 Tuberculous Spondylitis.- 5.1 General Remarks.- 5.2 Radiologic Modalities.- 5.3 Usual Presentation of Tuberculous Spondylitis.- 5.4 Radiologic Findings.- 5.5 Differential Diagnosis.- 6 Tuberculous Arthritis.- 6.1 General Remarks.- 6.2 Radiologic Modalities.- 6.3 Correlation Between Pathology and Radiology.- 6.4 General Radiologic Findings.- 6.5 Differential Diagnosis.- 7 Tuberculous Affection of the Upper Limb Joints.- 7.1 Shoulder.- 7.2 Elbow.- 7.3 Wrist and Hand.- 8 Tuberculous Affection of the Lower Limb Joints.- 8.1 Hip.- 8.2 Knee.- 8.3 Ankle and Foot.- 9 Sacroiliac Joint.- 9.1 Pathology.- 9.2 Radiologic Findings.- 9.3 Differential Diagnosis.- 10 Tuberculous Osteomyelitis.- 10.1 Long Tubular Bones.- 10.2 Pubis, Symphysis, Ischium, and Ilium.- 10.3 Ribs and Sternum.- 10.4 Greater Trochanter.- 10.5 Cranium.- 11 Therapy of Skeletal Tuberculosis.- 11.1 General Therapeutic Measures.- 11.2 Immobilization.- 11.3 Medicamentous Therapy.- 11.4 Surgical Therapy.- 11.5 Rehabilitation.- References.