The World Court

INTRODUCTORY NOTE XV-XXV
1. THE COURT ALONG THE MEASURING ROD OF TIME XV
2. A TIME-HONOURED QUEST XVI
3. A TALE OF TWO TOWNSHIPS XVII
4. A CONDITIONAL CALL FOR HELP XVIII
5. OBJECTIVE AND METHOD XIX
6. THE IMPACT OF CHANCE XIX
7. THE LASTING CHALLENGE XX
8. THE HANDICAP OF HISTORY XXI
9. THE QUICKSAND OF THE LAW XXI
10. THE RIDDLE OF THE COVENANT XXII
11. THE SERVANT OF TWO MASTERS XXIII
12. THROWN OUT OF BALANCE XXIII
13. THE FAIR LEGACY OF ITS TIMES XXIV
14. THE PERSONAL ANGLE XXIV

CHAPTER 1: THE CONCEPT OF AN IDEAL 8-24
1. THE QUEST FOR PARADIGMS 8
2. THE STATE MODEL 10
3. THE IDEAL STATE 12
4. NTERNATIONAL SOCIETY 15
5. WORLD ORGANIZATION 16
DOCUMENTATION 19

CHAPTER 2: FOCUS ON ARBITRATION 25-52
1. THE PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTE 25
2. THE HISTORY OF ARBITRATION 27
3. LEGAL AND SOCIAL REFORM 28
4. STATE PRACTICE 35
5. CASE LAW 36
6. THE RIDDLE OF THE INSTRUMENT 36
DOCUMENTATION 39

CHAPTER 3: THE NEXT STAGE OF ORGANIZATION 53-78
1. THE FIRST HAGUE PEACE CONFERENCE (1899) 53
2. THE CONCEPT OF A PERMANENT COURT 54
3. THE PERMANENT COURT OF ARBITRATION 57
4. THE LATIN AMERICAN COMPONENT 58
DOCUMENTATION 59

CHAPTER 4: THE CONVENTION AND THE COURT EVALUATED 79-104
1. THE SECOND HAGUE PEACE CONFERENCE (1907) 79
2. THE FIRST COMMISSION 79
DOCUMENTATION 84

CHAPTER 5: THE QUEST FOR TRUE COURTS OF LAW 105-129
1. THE PCA UNDER SIEGE 105
2. THE PERMANENT COURT OF ARBITRAL JUSTICE (PCAJ) 106
3. THE DRAFT CONVENTION 108
4. THE INTERNATIONAL PRIZE COURT 111
DOCUMENTATION 115

CHAPTER 6: THE YEARS UP TO VERSAILLES 130-160
1. THE REACH AND NATURE OF THE DISCOURSE 130
2. TOWARDS A WORLD ORGANIZATION 131
3. A CENTRAL AMERICAN COURT OF JUSTICE 132
4. THE LONDON DECLARATION (1909) 133
5. THE PERMANENT COURT OF ARBITRATION (1907-1913) 133
6. TOWARDS A THIRD HAGUE PEACE CONFERENCE (1915) 134
7. THE WAR YEARS: PLANS AND PROJECTS GALORE 135
8. THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF WOMEN (1915) 135
9. PRIVATE PROJECTS 136
10. THE ROLE OF THE NEUTRAL POWERS 136
DOCUMENTATION 138

CHAPTER 7: A WORLD ORGANIZATION AND A WORLD COURT 161-180
1. THE PEACE CONFERENCE 161
2. THE LEAGUE, THE COURT, AND THE HAGUE TRADITION 163
3. THE LEAGUE COMMISSION ON THE COURT PROJECT 165
4. THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE 173
5. ARTICLE 14 AND THE COUNCIL’S MANDATE (1919-1920) 174
6. THE SECRETARIAT OF THE LEAGUE 175
DOCUMENTATION 177

CHAPTER 8: THE CONSTITUTION OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE OF JURISTS 181-190
1. THE ORIGINS OF THE PROJECT 181
2. BOURGEOIS’ REPORT TO THE COUNCIL 182
3. THE LETTER OF INVITATION 184
4. THE SUBSTITUTIONS 184
5. THE EXPERT SECRETARIAT OF THE ACJ 186
6. THE STATUS OF THE COMMITTEE 186
7. THE VENUE OF THE COMMITTEE 187
DOCUMENTATION 188

CHAPTER 9: THE ASPIRATIONS OF THE DUTCH 190-212
1. TOWARDS A THIRD HAGUE PEACE CONFERENCE 190
2. THE NETHERLANDS AND THE LEAGUE 192
3. DUTCH WAR POLICIES AND THE REPERCUSSIONS 193
4. THE CLAIMS OF THE DUTCH 194
5. THE SEAT OF THE LEAGUE 196
6. VAN HAMEL’S ROLE 198
7. LODER’S CRUSADE 201
8. THE VIEWS ON THE VENUE OF THE ACJ 204
9. LAST MINUTE ISSUES OF DATE, VENUE, AND CHAIR 205
10. THE REPRESENTATION OF THE LEAGUE 206
DOCUMENTATION 207

CHAPTER 10: THE INSTALLATION CEREMONY 221-228
1. THE SETTING 221
2. VAN KARNEBEEK’S WELCOMING SPEECH 222
3. BOURGEOIS’ ADDRESS 223
4. DESCAMPS’ HISTORICAL PANORAMA 226

CHAPTER 11: THE FRAMEWORK OF THE DISCOURSE 229-248
1. THE POLICY OF THE COMMITTEE 229
2. THE COMMITTEE’S RULES OF PROCEDURE 236
DOCUMENTATION 239

CHAPTER 12: A DISCOURSE ON PRINCIPLE 249-259
INTRODUCTION 249
1. THE LEGAL EQUALITY OF STATES 250
2. ARBITRATION VS. JURISDICTION 255
DOCUMENTATION 258

CHAPTER 13: A WEALTH OF PROPOSITIONS 260-281
1. DESCAMPS AND THE “THE GENERAL OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE” 260
2. ALTERNATIVE PLANS: PHILLIMORE, ALTAMIRA, BEVILAQUA, ADATCI 265
3. THE APPRAISAL OF THE SCHEMES 267
DOCUMENTATION 273

CHAPTER 14: THE ORGANIZATION OF THE COURT 282-289
1. PRIVATE VIEWS AND PUBLIC POLICIES 282
2. NATIONAL JUDGES AND THE RIGHT OF CHALLENGE 283
3. THE CONCEPT OF CHAMBERS 285
4. THE PERMANENCY OF THE COURT 285
5. INCOMPATIBILITIES 286
6. TERMS OF OFFICE 287
7. THE SEAT OF THE COURT 288
DOCUMENTATION 289

CHAPTER 15: THE COMPETENCE OF THE COURT 290-323
1. THE ORGANIZATION AND OVERALL ATMOSPHERE OF THE DISCOURSE 290
2. THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUALS 291
3. STATES ENTITLED TO APPEAR 295
4. COMPULSORY JURISDICTION, UNILATERAL APPEALS 298
5. THE SOURCES OF LAW TO BE APPLIED BY THE COURT 308
DOCUMENTATION 315

CHAPTER 16: MATTERS OF PROCEDURE AND RECOMMENDATIONS 324-327
1. PROCEDURE 324
2. RECOMMENDATIONS 325
DOCUMENTATION 326

CHAPTER 17: THE APPRAISAL OF THE COMPETING PROJECTS 328-346
1. THE VARIOUS PROPOSITIONS 329
2. THE CHOICE OF METHOD 329
3. THE PROTAGONISTS’ DEFENCE 331
4. THE COMMITTEE’S APPRAISAL 332
DOCUMENTATION 335

CHAPTER 18: THE ANALYSIS OF THE ROOT-PHILLIMORE PLAN 347-390
1. THE NOMINATION OF JUDGES 347
2. THE OPERATION OF THE BENCH 360
DOCUMENTATION 386

CHAPTER 19: THE COMMITTEE’S RECOMMENDATIONS 391-401
1. THE DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT
OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 392
2. THE HIGH COURT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE 392
3. THE INSTALLATION OF THE HAGUE ACADEMY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 397
DOCUMENTATION 398

CHAPTER 20: THE FIRST READING OF THE DRAFT STATUTE 402-415
1. THE ORGANIZATION AND COMPETENCE OF THE COURT 402
2. THE PROCEDURE OF THE COURT 405
3. RESERVED ARTICLES ON ORGANIZATION AND COMPETENCE 406
4. RECOMMENDATIONS 408
5. THE SECOND READING 409
6. VOTING AND SIGNATURES 409
7. THE CLOSING CEREMONY 412
DOCUMENTATION 414

CHAPTER 21: THE REPORT TO THE COUNCIL 416-439
- PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS 416
- I.1 ORGANIZATION 417
- I.2 THE METHOD OF ELECTING JUDGES 419
- I.3 THE OPERATION OF THE COURT 421
- II COMPETENCE 422
- III PROCEDURE 425
DOCUMENTATION 428

CHAPTER 22: THE RECEPTION OF THE DRAFT STATUTE
AND THE REPORT IN THE COUNCIL 447-464
1. THE COUNCIL OF THE LEAGUE 447
2. THE DISCOURSE ON THE COURT IN JULY-AUGUST 1920 448
3. AMENDMENTS SUBMITTED BY MEMBER STATES OF THE LEAGUE 451
4. THE DEBATE IN THE COUNCIL IN OCTOBER 1920 453
5. BOURGEOIS’ FINAL REPORT 454
6. CACLAMANOS’ REPORTS 457
7. FURTHER AMENDMENTS SUBMITTED BY MEMBER STATES 458
DOCUMENTATION 459

CHAPTER 23: THE THIRD COMMITTEE OF THE ASSEMBLY 465-481
1. THE FIRST ASSEMBLY OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 465
2. THE THIRD COMMITTEE 467
3. THE THIRD COMMITTEE’S PRELIMINARY EVALUATION 468
4. COMPULSORY JURISDICTION 471
5. THE FORM OF THE CONSTITUTION 475
6. THE RESPONSE 476.
DOCUMENTATION 477

CHAPTER 24: THE SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE THIRD COMMITTEE 482-505
1. COMPOSITION 482
2. THE AMENDMENTS ADDRESSED 482
3. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE COURT 483
4. COURT PROCEDURE 491
5. THE COMPETENCE OF THE COURT 493
6. THE SUBCOMMITTEE’S REPORT 496
DOCUMENTATION 497

CHAPTER 25: THE THIRD COMMITTEE REVISITED 506-515
1. THE COMMITTEE’S REVIEW OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE’S DRAFT 506
2. THE COMMITTEE’S RESPONSE TO THE ASSEMBLY MEETING 510
DOCUMENTATION 514

CHAPTER 26: THE DISCOURSE IN THE ASSEMBLY 516-555
1. BOURGEOIS’ APPRAISAL 516
2. HAGERUP’S EXPLANATORY NOTE 517
3. THE SPEECHES OF DELEGATES 519
4. CONCLUSIONS 536
5. HAGERUP’S APPRAISAL 536
6. BOURGEOIS’ CONCLUDING WORDS 538
7. THE VOTING ON THE STATUTE 540
8. THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE ACJ 541
9. THE SALARIES OF JUDGES 542
EPILOGUE 543
DOCUMENTATION 544
THE STATUTE OF THE PCIJ (1920) 547

APPENDICES 558-665
I. BIOGRAPHIES 558
II. DOCUMENTATION 629
III. CHRONOLOGY 634
IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY 640
V. INDEXES 650