Hormonal Regulation of Mammary Tumors

1 Role of Prolactin or Placental Lactogen in Mammary Tumor Development in Experimental Animals.- Prolactin or placental lactogen and mammary tumor development.- Promotion by prolactin of mammary tumor development.- Promotion by prolactin of preneoplastic mammary gland lesions.- Promotion by placental lactogen of preneoplastic and neoplastic mammary gland development.- Difference in susceptibility to prolactin or placental lactogen between normal and neoplastic mammary glands.- Inhibition by prolactin of mammary tumor development.- A mechanism of role of prolactin in mammary tumor development.- Stimulation by prolactin of mammary gland DNA synthesis, a primary factor for mammary tumor development.- Synergism of prolactin and estrogen in mammary gland DNA synthesis.- Species-difference in mammary gland DNA synthesis in response to prolactin.- Factors which modulate mammary tumor development and prolactin secretion.- Perinatal hormonal exposure.- Dietary fat.- Immunopotentiation.- Role of prolactin in mammary tumor virus production.- Strain-difference in circulating levels of prolactin or placental lactogen and mammary gland susceptibility to it.- Strain-difference in hormone levels.- Strain-difference in mammary gland susceptibility to prolactin in mice.- Future prospects.- References.- 2 Prolactin and Prolactin Receptors in Tumor Development, Growth and Cellular Functions.- Models of hormone-dependent mammary cancer.- Mice.- Rats.- In vitro systems.- Hormonal regulation of PRL receptors in normal tissue.- Measurement of prolactin receptors.- Receptor levels during pregnancy and lactation.- Up-regulation.- Down-regulation.- Hormonal regulation of receptors in mammary tumors.- DMBA-induced mammary tumors.- Regression of DMBA-induced tumors by RU16117.- NMU-induced mammary tumors.- Organ culture of mammary tumors.- Prolactin and human breast cancer.- Evidence for role of prolactin.- Prolactin receptors in human breast carcinoma.- Summary and conclusions.- References.- 3 Studies of Prolactin Receptors and the Possible Proliferative Role of Prolactin and Other Pituitary Factors in Human Breast Tumor Cells.- References.- Acknowledgement.- 4 Mode of Action of Prolactin on Normal and Neoplastic Mammary Tissues.- Prolactin receptors.- Internalization of prolactin.- Actions of prolactin at the plasma membrane.- Sodium-potassium hypothesis.- Calcium ions.- Polyamines, prostaglandins and cyclic nucleotides.- Phospholipase A2.- Prostaglandins (PG).- Cyclic nucleotides.- Polyamines.- Actions of prolactin on the proliferation of mammary cells.- References.- 5 Growth Factors for Hormone-Sensitive Tumor Cells.- Effects of known growth factors on mammary tumor cell proliferation.- Hormonally defined media.- Growth factor effects on cells cultured in collagen supported matrices.- Effects of other growth factors on mammary origin cells.- Effects of estrogens on growth factor activities for estrogen-responsive tumor cells.- New approaches to estrogen-responsive tumor growth.- Endocrine estromedin mechanism.- Paracrine and/or autocrine estromedin growth stimulation.- Platelet derived growth factors.- Platelet derived growth factors for mammary tumor cells.- Growth factors and growth control in normal versus malignant mammary cells.- Pituitary derived mammary cell growth factors.- Summary of new approaches to growth factor involvement in mammary tumor growth in vivo.- References.- 6 Primary and Permissive Actions of Insulin in Breast Cancer.- I. Direct actions of insulin on experimental mammary tumors.- A. Stimulation of growth: insulin-dependent tumors.- B. Inhibition of growth: insulin-responsive tumors.- C. Actions of insulin and relationship to tumor growth.- II. Facilitative effects of insulin on mammary tumors.- III. Estrogen-insulin interactions.- IV. Insulin and human breast cancer.- V. Conclusions.- Acknowledgement.- References.- 7 Effect of Thyroid Hormones on Mammary Tumor Induction and Growth.- Epidemiologic and clinical studies.- Animal studies.- Mammary tumorigenesis.- Normal mammary gland development.- Possible mechanisms.- References.- 8 Mode of Cyclic Amp Action in Growth Control.- Normal and neoplastic growth of the mammary gland.- Intracellular content of cyclic nucleotides.- Hormone-cyclic nucleotide interrelation.- Mechanism of mammary tumor regression.- Exogenous cyclic nucleotides.- Cyclic AMP receptor proteins.- Antagonism between cyclic AMP and estrogen.- Nuclear protein phosphorylation.- Cyclic nucleotides in transformation.- Cyclic AMP in reversion of malignancy.- Conclusion.- Acknowledgement.- References.- 9 Prostaglandins, Fatty Acids and Phospholipids in Normal and Neoplastic Breast Tissues.- Content of fatty acids and phospholipids.- Normal mammary tissues.- Mammary tumors.- Metabolism of phospholipids.- Normal mammary gland.- Mammary tumors.- Effects of dietary lipids.- Mammary tumorigenesis and growth.- Effect on tumor lipids.- Effects of dietary carbohydrates.- Lipid inducers of cell transformation.- Fatty acid synthesis.- Phospholipases and prostaglandins.- Mammary gland lipids in response to hormonal regulation.- Acknowledgement.- References.- 10 Polyamines in Normal and Neoplastic Growth of Mammary Gland.- Developmental changes in the synthesis and accumulation of polyamines in mammary gland.- The control of polyamine biosynthesis during cell proliferation of mammary gland in vitro.- The control of polyamine biosynthesis during differentiation in vitro.- The functions of polyamines during mammary cell proliferation.- Spermidine.- Putrescine.- The role of polyamines in the differentiation of mammary gland.- Milk protein synthesis.- Spermidine and glucocorticoid action.- The effect of spermidine on cellular components.- Differential actions of glucocorticoid and spermidine.- Spermidine and cell-free translation of mammary mRNAs.- Polyamine transport.- Concluding remark.- References.- 11 Hormone Regulation of Casein Gene Expression in Normal and Neoplastic Cells in Murine Mammary Glands.- I. Introduction.- II. General macromolecular activity.- III. Direct measure of casein mRNA.- A. Specific translation activity.- B. Hormonal regulation of mRNAcsn translational activity.- IV. Purification of casein mRNA and synthesis of complementary DNA.- V. Quantitative measurement of casein gene expression by the cDNAcsn.- A. Adrenal glucocorticoid influence on casein mRNA accumulation in mammary gland in vivo.- B. Measurement of specific casein mRNA transcription.- C. Measurement of casein gene transcription.- VI. Hormonal modulation of casein gene transcription.- VII. Casein gene expression in mammary tissue in vitro.- A. Organ culture of pieces of mammary tissue from pregnant animals.- B. The whole mammary organ in culture.- VIII. Casein gene expression in a two-step culture model of the whole mammary organ.- A. Measured by translational assay.- B. Measured by molecular hybridization with cDNAcsn probe.- IX. Simultaneous occurrence of morphogenesis and casein gene expression.- X. Glucocorticoid is obligatory to casein gene expression.- XI. Negative influence of progesterone on casein gene expression.- XII. Cloning of cDNAcsn.- XIII. Mammary neoplasia and casein gene expression.- A. In mammary cells transformed in vivo.- B. In mammary cells transformed in vitro.- XIV. Summary and comments.- Acknowledgements.- References.