The Capacity of International Organizations to Conclude Treaties, and the Special Legal Aspects of the Treaties so Concluded

I. Historical Survey of the Treaty-Making Practice of International Organizations.- A. Introduction.- B. Treaty-Making Practice in the Inter-War Period.- (1) The League of Nations.- (a) Mandate Agreements.- (b) Minority Declarations or Treaties.- (c) Agreements with Member State.- (d) Agreement with Non-member States.- (e) Agreements with Other International Organizations.- (2) The Affiliated Bodies of the League of Nations.- (a) The Nansen International Refugees Office.- (b) The League of Nations Health Organization.- (c) The International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation.- (d) The Saar Governing Commission.- (3) The Permanent Court of International Justice.- (4) The Reparation Commission.- (5) The International Commission of the Danube and the European Commission of the Danube.- (6) The International Commission of Cape Spartel Lighthouse.- C. Development after the Second World War.- II. The Basis of the Treaty-Making Capacity of International Organizations.- A. Introduction.- B. Constitutional Provisions.- C. International Personality.- (1) The Meaning of the Term “International Personality”.- (2) The Views of Writers.- (a) Carroz and Probst.- (b) Kelsen.- (3) Conclusion.- D. The Implied Power Theory.- E. The Basis of Treaty-Making Capacity.- (1) Introduction.- (2) Evolution of Treaty-Making Practice of International Organizations.- (a) The Inter-War Period.- (b) Development after the Second World War.- (3) The Basis and Limitation of Treaty-Making Capacity of International Organizations.- III. The Conclusion of Treaties.- A. Form of Agreements.- (1) Introduction.- (2) Terminology.- (3) Form.- (a) Introduction.- (b) Exchange of Notes.- (c) Disjunctive Exchange of Notes.- (d) Parallel Resolutions.- (4) Sources of Informations about the Texts of Agreements.- B. Constitutional Requirements — Limitation on the Treaty-Making Capacity of International Organizations.- (1) Introduction.- (2) Capacity of International Organizations to Become Parties to Multilateral Treaties.- (a) The Meaning of the Term “Multilateral Treaty”.- (b) The Necessity of International Organizations to Become Parties to Multilateral Treaties.- (c) The Opinions of Writers and the ICJ.- (d) The Practice of International Organizations.- (3) Deviation from Normal Voting Procedure as Required by Treaties Concluded by International Organizations — Question of Constitutionality.- (4) Methods Used to Decide the Constitutionality of Treaties Concluded by International Organizations.- (a) Introduction.- (b) The Question of the Constitutionality of Treaties Arises as Between An International Organization and Its Member or Members.- (c) The Question of the Constitutionality of Treaties Arises as Between An International Organization and Another International Organization or Non-Member State or States.- (d) Conclusion.- (5) Validity of Treaties Concluded by International Organizations in Violation of Limitations on the Organizations’ Capacity.- (a) Introduction.- (b) The Valid Theory.- (c) The Voidable Theory.- (d) The Void Theory.- (e) Conclusion.- C. Constitutional Requirements — Organs Competent to Conclude Treaties.- (1) Organs Competent to Conclude Treaties for International Organizations.- (a) Introduction.- (b) The Opinions of Writers.- (c) The Practice of International Organizations.- (2) The Question of Apparent Authority of the Chief Executive Officer.- (3) The Competence of Regional Offices or Semi-autonomous Organs to Conclude Treaties.- (a) Regional Offices.- (b) Semi-autonomous Organs.- (4) Methods Used to Decide Which Organ is Competent to Conclude Treaties for an International Organization.- (5) Validity of Treaties Concluded by Incompetent Organs.- (a) The Valid Theory.- (b) The Voidable and the Void Theory.- D. Procedure of Conclusion.- (1) Full Powers.- (2) Signature.- (3) Approval.- (4) Entry into Force.- (5) Reservations.- (6) Registration.- IV. Certain Kinds of Treaties.- A. Succession Agreements.- (1) Introduction.- (2) Constitutional Basis and Process of Negotiation.- (a) Successor Organizations.- (b) Predecessor Organizations.- (3) Special Legal Character.- B. Relationship Agreements.- (1) Introduction.- (2) Constitutional Basis.- (a) The UN.- (b) The Specialized Agencies and the IAEA.- (c) Certain Regional Organizations.- (d) Other International Organizations.- (3) Process of Negotiation.- (a) The UN and the Specialized Agencies.- (b) Inter-Agency Agreements.- (c) Agreements between the Specialized Agencies and Other International Organizations.- (4) Contents.- (a) Agreements between the UN and the Specialized Agencies.- (b) Inter-Agency Agreements.- (c) Agreements between the Specialized Agencies and Other Inter-Governmental Organizations.- (5) Certain Special Legal Problems.- C. Institutional Treaties.- (1) Introduction.- (2) General Conventions or Agreements.- (a) Introduction.- (b) Constitutional Basis.- (c) Process of Negotiation, Contents, and Special Legal Character.- (3) Headquarters and Host Agreements.- (a) Introduction.- (b) Constitutional Basis.- (e) Process of Negotiation, Contents, and Legal Character.- (4) Agreements relating to Special Political Tasks.- (5) Agreements concerning Particular Meetings.- D. Trusteeship Agreements.- (1) Introduction.- (2) Constitutional Basis.- (3) Process of Negotiation.- (4) Contents.- (5) Special Legal Problems.- E. Technical Assistance Agreements.- (1) Introduction.- (2) Constitutional Basis.- (3) Process of Negotiation, Contents, and Special Legal Character.- (a) Basic Agreements.- (b) Supplementary Agreements.- (c) Agreements relating to Special Projects.- F. UNICEF, Special Fund, and OPEX Agreements.- (1) Introduction.- (2) The UNICEF Agreements.- (3) The Special Fund Agreements.- (4) The OPEX Agreements.- (5) Legal Character.- G. Loan and Guarantee Agreements.- (1) Introduction.- (2) Constitutional Basis.- (3) Process of Negotiation.- (a) Exploratory Discussions and Preliminary Investigation.- (b) Formal Negotiation.- (4) Contents.- (5) Special Legal Problems.- H. Conclusion.- V. The Legal Character of Agreements Concluded by International Organizations.- A. Introduction.- B. Legal Character in General.- (1) The Practice of States.- (a) Argentina.- (b) Canada.- (c) France.- (d) Germany.- (e) Switzerland.- (f) The United States.- (2) The Opinions of International Organizations.- (a) The ILO.- (b) The UNRRA.- (c) The UN.- (d) The WHO.- (e) The Bank.- (3) The Juriprudence of International Tribunals.- C. Tests to Decide the Legal Character of An Agreement.- (1) Introduction.- (2) The Settlement of Disputes.- (a) Diplomatic Procedure — Negotiation.- (b) Advisory Opinion.- (c) Arbitration.- (d) Combination of Arbitration and Advisory Opinion.- (e) Other Procedures.- (f) Conclusion.- (3) Registration.- (4) The Tests of Legal Character as International Agreements.- Conclusions.