Cross-Border Employment and Social Rights in the EU Road Transport Sector

1 Introduction 11
Amber Zwanenburg & Bartłomiej Bednarowicz
1.1 Focus of This Book 11
1.2 Why This Book? 13
1.3 How Was This Book Compiled? 14
1.4 How to Use This Book? 15

2 The EU Fundamental Freedoms in the Light of Cross-Border Road Transport 17
Luca Ratti
2.1 Introduction 17
2.1.1 Curriculum Outline 17
2.1.2 Specific Learning Outcomes 17
2.2 State of the Art 18
2.2.1 Introduction and Inventory of the Legal Instruments at Stake 18
2.2.2 Legal Context 20
2.2.3 Scope 26
2.2.3.1 Personal Scope 26
2.2.3.2 Material Scope 29
2.2.4 General Principles 31
2.2.4.1 Free Movement 31
2.2.4.2 Non-Discrimination 32
2.2.4.3 Prohibition of Restrictions 32
2.2.4.4 Derogations and Justifications 34
2.2.4.5 Recognition of Qualifications and Training 35
2.2.4.6 Interim Conclusions 35
2.2.5 Applicability and Enforcement of Fundamental Freedoms in the Road Transport Sector 36
2.2.5.1 Preamble: Viking as an Illustrative Case of Clash of Fundamental Rights 36
2.2.5.2 Special Rules: Are Those on ‘Cabotage’ Compatible with Fundamental Freedoms? 37
2.2.5.3 Follows: Is the ‘Limosa’ Declaration an Admissible Measure in the Light of Article 56 TFEU? 39
2.3 Case Law 40
2.4 Further Reading 42
2.4.1 Academic Literature 42
2.4.2 Other Documents 43

3 The Analysis of Private International Law in the EU with Regard to EU Cross-Border Road Transport: Competency and Applicable Law 45
Zef Even, Ruben Houweling, Amber Zwanenburg & Mijke Houwerzijl
3.1 Introduction 45
3.1.1 Curriculum Outline 45
3.1.2 Specific Learning Outcomes 46
3.2 State of Art 46
3.2.1 Which Legal Instruments Apply? 46
3.2.1.1 Competence of the Courts 46
3.2.1.2 Applicable Law 47
3.2.2 Legal Context 47
3.2.2.1 Competence of the Courts 47
3.2.2.2 Applicable Law 50
3.2.3 Scope 51
3.2.3.1 Competence of the Courts: Brussel Ibis 51
3.2.3.2 Applicable Law: Rome I 52
3.2.4 General Principles 53
3.2.4.1 Competence of the Courts 53
3.2.4.2 Applicable Law: Rome I 57
3.2.5 Applicability and Enforcement of the Law in the Road Transport Sector 62
3.2.5.1 Competence of the Courts 63
3.2.5.2 Applicable Law: Rome I 65
3.3 Case Law 70
3.4 Further Reading 70
3.4.1 Academic Literature 70
3.4.2 Other Documents 70

4 The Analysis of the Posting of Workers Directive(s) with a Specific Focus on EU Cross-Border Road Transport 71
Mijke Houwerzijl
4.1 Introduction 71
4.1.1 Curriculum Outline 71
4.1.2 Specific Learning Outcomes 72
4.2 State of the Art 73
4.2.1 (Applicable or to Be Implemented) Legal Instruments 73
4.2.1.1 The Posting of Workers Directive (PWD) 73
4.2.1.2 The Posting of Workers Enforcement Directive (PWED) 73
4.2.1.3 The Revised Posting of Workers Directive (Revised PWD) 73
4.2.2 Evolution and Legal Context 73
4.2.2.1 Legal Base PWD and the Development of Two Lines of Case Law 74
4.2.2.2 Objectives of the PWD 76
4.2.2.3 Interaction Between Rome I and the PWD 76
4.2.3 Scope 79
4.2.3.1 Material Scope PWD 79
4.2.3.2 Personal Scope PWD 85
4.2.4 PWED & the Revised PWD 89
4.2.4.1 Issues of Information, Monitoring and Enforcement 89
4.2.4.2 Gap Between ‘Law on Paper’ and ‘Law in Practice’ 91
4.2.4.3 The Posting of Workers Enforcement Directive (PWED) 94
4.2.4.4 Launch of a ‘Fair Mobility Package’; Towards a Revised PWD 96
4.2.5 Applicability and Enforcement of the PWD in the Road Transport Sector 101
4.2.5.1 The PWD and Cross-Border Work in the Road Transport Sector 101
4.2.5.2 The Role of ‘Letterbox-Companies’ 103
4.2.5.3 The Revised PWD and the “Road Mobility Package” 105
4.3 Case Law 107
4.4 Further Reading 108
4.4.1 Academic Literature 108
4.4.2 Other Documents 110

5 The EU Coordination of the Social Security Systems of the Member States and Its Applicability in Cross-Border Road Transport 113
Herwig Verschueren & Bartłomiej Bednarowicz
5.1 Introduction 113
5.1.1 Curriculum Outline 113
5.1.2 Specific Learning Outcomes 113
5.2 State of the Art 114
5.2.1 Which Legal Instruments Are Applicable? 114
5.2.2 Legal Context 115
5.2.2.1 Social Security as a Matter for the Member States 115
5.2.2.2 Treaty Mandate to Coordinate the Social Security Systems of the Member States 115
5.2.2.3 The Currently Applicable Rules 117
5.2.3 Scope 118
5.2.3.1 Personal Scope 118
5.2.3.2 Material Scope 121
5.2.4 General Principles 122
5.2.4.1 Equal Treatment 122
5.2.4.2 Waiving Residence Clauses 125
5.2.4.3 Aggregation of Periods 126
5.2.4.4 Determination of the Applicable Social Security Legislation 126
5.2.5 Applicability and Enforcement of the Law in the RoadTransport Sector 130
5.2.5.1 Special Rules Applicable to Posted Employed and Self- Employed Persons 131
5.2.5.2 Special Rules in Cases of Pursuit of Activities in Two or More Member States 137
5.2.5.3 Implementation of These Rules on International Transport Workers 141
5.2.5.4 Abuses of the Rules on Posting and in Cases of Activities in Two or More Member States 143
5.2.5.5 Control Measures: The Role of the A1 Certificate 144
5.3 Case Law 149
5.4 Further Reading 149
5.4.1 Academic Literature 149
5.4.2 Other Documents 150

6 The European Social Dialogue in the Road Transport Sector 151 Monika Tomaszewska & Michał Szypniewski
6.1 Introduction 151
6.1.1 Curriculum Outline 151
6.1.2 Specific Learning Outcomes 152
6.2 Demarcation of the Road Freight Transport Sector 152
6.2.1 What Are We Talking About? 152
6.2.2 Haulage Companies and Courier Companies – What Is the Difference? 154
6.2.2.1 What Is the Difference Between the Two? 154
6.2.3 Statistics on the National and European Road Freight Transport Sector 155
6.3 Social Partner Representation at European Level 157
6.3.1 Brief Introduction into the European Social Dialogue 157
6.3.1.1 What Is the European Social Dialogue About? 157
6.3.1.2 In Line with National Traditions? 158
6.3.1.3 ‘Top-Down’ Transposition of the Social Dialogue in the ‘New’ Member States 159
6.3.1.4 Levels of the European Social Dialogue 160
6.3.1.5 Implementation of EU-Level Agreements 162
6.3.1.6 Comparison with National Collective Bargaining Systems 165
6.3.2 Representativeness Criteria 165
6.3.2.1 The UEAPME Judgment 165
6.3.2.2 Current Rules for Assessing Representativeness of European Social Partners 166
6.3.2.3 Criteria Used in the Eurofound Study 2015 167
6.3.2.4 Challenges Concerning the Representativeness of Sectoral Social Partners 167
6.3.2.5 A New Start? 169
6.3.3 The EU Sectoral Social Dialogue in the Road Transport Sector 169
6.3.3.1 Membership Domain ETF and IRU 169
6.3.3.2 Mandate ETF and IRU 170
6.3.3.3 Overview of Recent Achievements in the ESSD on Road Transport 171
6.3.3.4 Other Employer Organisations: UETR and CLECAT 172
6.4 Social Partner Representation at National Level 173
6.4.1 Criteria Used in the Eurofound Study 2015 173
6.4.2 Trade Unions 174
6.4.2.1 Membership Figures and Organisational Strength 175
6.4.3 Employer Associations 176
6.4.3.1 Domain Overlaps and Intercompetition 177
6.4.3.2 Membership Figures and Organisational Strength 177
6.4.4 Collective Bargaining Coverage 178
6.4.4.1 Tripartite Participation 179
6.4.5 Overview of National Trade Unions Active in Road Freight Transport, Limited To ‘SENSE Countries’ 179
6.4.6 Overview of National Employers’ Organisations Active in Road Freight Transport, Limited to ‘SENSE Countries’ 180
6.5 Social Partner Positions on the Social Conditions for Intra-EU Mobility of Truck Drivers 181
6.6 Further Reading 181
6.6.1 Academic Literature 181
6.6.2 Other Sources 182